Madhya Pradesh High Court
Haseeb Mohammad Khan(Dead) Through Lrs ... vs Nafees-Ur-Rahman on 16 June, 2025
Author: Achal Kumar Paliwal
Bench: Achal Kumar Paliwal
mPp U;k;ky; e/; izns'k
tcyiqj
ekuuh; U;k;k/kh'k Jh vpy dqekj ikyhoky
ds le{k
izFke vihy dzekad 94@2009
glhc eksgEen [kku ¼e`r½}kjk okjlku Jherh rtoj [kku ,oa vU;
fo:)
uQhl mj jgeku ,oa vU;
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vihykFkhZx.k dh vksj ls ofj"B vf/koDrk"Jh vuwi uk;j lfgr
vf/koDrk Jh rdfey ulhj
izR;FkhZx.k dh vksj ls ofj"B vf/koDrk Jh lat; ds- vxzoky lfgr
vf/koDrk fodze tksgjh
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
fnukad % 06-05-2025 dks vkjf{kr
fnukad % 16-06-2025 dks ?kksf"kr
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
;g vihy fu.kZ; ds fy, lqus vkSj vkjf{kr j[ks tkus
ds ckn vkt U;k;ky; us fuEufyf[kr fu.kZ; lquk;k %&
fu.kZ;
vihykFkhZ@oknh us ;g vihy flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 96
ds vUrxZr r`rh; vij ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ¼QkLV~zSd dksVZ½ jk;lsu ¼e-iz-½ }kjk
O;ogkj okn dzekad 10,@2006 ¼ glhc eksgEen [kku fo- uQhl mj jgeku ,oa
vU; ½ esa ikfjr fu.kZ; fnukad 31-10-2008 ls O;fFkr gksdj izLrqr dh xbZ gS
ftlds }kjk oknh dh vksj ls izLrqr okn fujLr fd;k x;k gS A
02- oknh dk okn la{ksi esa bl izdkj gS fd oknh oknxzLr Hkwfe dk
Lokeh gSA ekufld :i ls vLoLFk gksus vkSj ifjokj esa dksbZ o;Ld lnL; Hkwfe
dh ns[k&js[k vkSj d`f"k djus ds yk;d u gksus ds dkj.k oknh oknxzLr Hkwfe
equkQs ij izfroknh dzekad &1 dks nsrk jgk vkSj izfroknh dzekad &1 equkQk
fdlh o"kZ vukt ds :i esa vkSj fdlh o"kZ :i;ksa ds :i esa nsrk jgk A mDr
lEcU/k esa o"kZ 1986 esa ,d bdjkjukek Hkh fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 1990 esa
oknh lS;~;n etgj vyh dks equkQs ij nsus ds fy;s ,d ,xzhesaV fd;k A mlds
i'pkr izfroknh dzekad 01 us vuqjks/k fd;k fd lS;~;n etgj vyh dks Hkwfe
equkQs ij u nsdj mls gh nh tkos rks oknh us etgj vyh ls fd;k x;k
bdjkjukek lekIr dj fn;k vkSj izfroknh dza-01 dks izfro"kZ ds fy;s equkQs ij
nsrk vkSj o"kZ iwjk gksus ij dCtk oknh dks ykSVk nsrk FkkA o"kZ 2002 ds ckn tc
oknh us equkQs dh jkf'k Hkqxrku djus ds fy;s dgk rks izfroknh dzekad &1 us u
rks jkf'k dk Hkqxrku fd;k vkSj u gh dCtk lkSik vkSj ;g dgk fd vc Hkwfe
oknh ds uke ij jktLo vfHkys[kksa esa ugha jgh gSA
03- oknh us fnukad 23-10-2002 dks izfroknh dzekad 05 ds dk;kZy;
esa tkdj jktLo vfHkys[kksa dh udy izkIr dh rc mls Kkr gqvk fd oknxzLr
Hkwfe [kljk ua- 246 esa ls 4]4 ,dM izfroknh dzekad 1 vkSj 02 ds uke vkSj
[kljk dzekad 245 esa ls 18-35 Mslfey izfroknh dzekad 03 ds uke vkSj 18
,dM Hkwfe izfroknh dzekad 04 ds uke QthZ vkSj dwV&jfpr fgckukes ds vk/kkj
ij ukekUrfjr djk yh xbZ gS]ftlls mUgsa dksbZ LoRo vftZr ugha gksrk gSA
ukekUrj.k fujLr djus ds lEcU/k esa oknh us vuqfoHkkxh; vf/kdkjh xkSgjxat
ftyk jk;lsu ds le{k ,d vihy izLrqr dh vkSj fofHkUu jktLo U;k;ky;ka esa
vkns'k ikfjr gksrs gq;s var esa izdj.k rglhynkj dks fjek.M fd;k x;k vkSj
fgckukes dh tkap ds vkns'k fn;s x;s ysfdu izfroknhx.k us fgck izLrqr ugha
fd;kA izfroknh dzekad 01 oknh ds fuokl LFkku ij fnukad 06-12-2005 dks
vk;k vkSj dgk fd oknh ;fn 10&15 yk[k :I;s ysuk pkgrk gS rks ys yks
vU;Fkk og Hkh fdlh O;fDr] laLFkk ls bruk _.k ys ysxk fd tehu _.k dh
vnk;xh esa fcd tk;sxh ;k ,sls O;fDr dks fodz; dj nsrk ftlls oknh ftUnxh
Hkj eqdnesckth djrk jgsxk vkSj ;fn oknh us dHkh dCtk djus dh dksf'k'k dh
rks mls viuh tku ls gkFk /kksuk iMsxk A oknh us dHkh dksbZ fgckukek fu"ikfnr
ugha fd;k A
04- izfroknhx.k oknxzLr Hkwfe dks HkkjxzLr djus vkSj fodz; djus
dk iz;kl dj jgs gS vkSj equkQk jkf'k Hkh nsuk can dj fn;k gSA blfy;s oknh
us okn izLrqr dj ;g lgk;rk pkgh gS fd ;g ?kks"k.kk dh tk;s fd oknh
oknxzLr Hkwfe [kljk ua- 245@2 jdok 36-35 ,dM rFkk [kljk ua- 246 jdok 8
,dM fLFkr xzke xqeMh fcBksjh iVokjh gYdk ua- 02 dk Hkwfe Lokeh gS]Hkwfe dk
vkf/kiR; vkSj bl vk'k; dh LFkkbZ fu"ks/kkKk fd izfroknhx.k oknxzLr Hkwfe vkSj
mlds vkf/kiR; dks fdlh vU; ds i{k esa fdlh jhfr ls HkkjxzLr vFkok
gLrkarfjr u djs rFkk nkok izLrqr djus dh fnukad ls dCtk izkfIr fnukad rd
50]000@& :i;s izfro"kZ dh nj ls equkQs dh jkf'k iznku dh tkosA
05- izfroknhx.k ds fyf[kr dFku esa ds vfHkopu la{ksi esa bl izdkj
gS fd oknh ekufld :i ls vLoLF; ugha jgk gSA izfroknh dzekad &1 us o"kZ
1986 esa ;k dHkh Hkh oknxzLr Hkwfe oknh ls equkQs ij ugha yh gS vkSj u gh dHkh
oknh dks dHkh equkQk jkf'k dk Hkqxrk fd;k gS bdjkjukes ij izfroknh dzekad
01 ds QthZ gLrk{kj cuk;s x;s gSA o"kZ 1990 esa lS;~;n etgj vyh dks
oknxzLr Hkwfe equkQs ij nsus ds ,xzhesaV ls lEcaf/kr vfHkopu dh tkudkjh
izfroknhx.k dks ugha gS A o"kZ 1990 esa equkQs ij ysus ds lEcU/k essa izfroknh dza-
01 us dksbZ Hkh rgjhj vius gLrk{kj ls fu"ikfnr ugha dh vkSj u gh oknh ls
okf"kZd equkQs ij dksbZ tehu yh vkSj u gh mldk dCtk dHkh ykSVk;kA oknh
izfroknhx.k ls cgqr Lusg vkSj izse djrk Fkk vkSj Lusg izse ds olhHkwr gksdj
mlls fnukad 01-05-89 dks lk{kh ckykizlkn vkSj rkfjd ijost vius HkkbZ;ksa vkSj
fjLrsnkjksa ds le{k tokuh fgck fd;k ftls izfroknhx.k us Lohdkj fd;k vkSj
mlds i'pkr lk{khx.k ds le{k ekSds ij tkdj oknh us dCtk iznku fd;k vkSj
izfroknhx.k us dCtk fd;kA mDr fgck ds ikyu esa fnukad 28-06-89 dks
lk{khx.k ds le{k ,d ;knnk'r okLrs tqckuh fgck fy[kk rFkk vius gLrk{kj
djds rFkk lk{khx.k ds gLrk{kj djokdj rRdkyhu uk;c rglhynkj
vkscsnqYykxat dks lkSidj fuosnu fd;k fd tehu dk ukekUrj.k izfroknhx.k ds
uke ij djk fn;k tkosA uk;c rglhynkj us fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq;s
ukekUrj.k izfroknhx.k ds uke ij dj fn;kA
06- eqfLye fof/k ds vuiqlkj ekSf[kd fgck ds rhuksa fl)kUrksa dk
ikyu fd;k x;k gS blfy;s oknh dks vkifRr djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA
oknh dk oknxzLr Hkwfe ij dksbZ fgr o LokfeRo 'ks"k ugha jgk gSA o"kZ 2002 esa
Qly ysus ds fy;s dksbZ equkQk jfk'k dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy;s oknh us ugha
dgk D;ksafd oknxzLr Hkwfe fnukad 01-05-89 ls oknh ds LoRo vkSj vkf/kiR; dh
ugha jgh gSA oknh us rF;kas dks fNik;k gS vksj dher c< tkus ij mldh fu;r
esa csbZekuh vk xbZ A oknh us cgqr pkykdh iwoZd vk/kkj cukus ds fy;s vfHkopu
fd;s gSA izfroknh dzekad &1 oknh ds fuokl LFkku ij dHkh ugha x;k vkSj u
gh mldh ,slh dksbZ ckr gqbZ fd mlus oknh dks ;g dgk gks fd og tehu ds
lEcU/k esa 10&15 yk[k :i;s ysuk pkgrk gS rks ys yks vU;Fkk og _.k ysxk ;k
vU; dks csp nsxk vkSj oknh dks tku xokuh iMsxh A izfroknh us oknxzLr Hkwfe
dk vkf/kiR; fdlh vU; dks gLrkarfjr djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k oknh Lo;a
LoPN gkFkksa ls U;k;ky; esa ugha vk;k gSA ?kks"k.kk gsrq okn dk ewY;kdau yxku
ds 20 xquk ij fof/k lEer ugha gSA oknxzLr Hkwfe tqckuh fgck ds rgr varj.k
djus ds dkj.k cktkj ewY; ,d yk[k :i;s izfr ,dM ds fglkc ls ?kks"k.kk
gsrq U;k; 'kqYd izLrqr djuk pkfg;s FkkA oknh us fnukad 08-06-89 dks ;knnkLr
fgck ukek fy[kk FkkA mlds i'pkr oknh dk okn le; vof/k esa ugha gSA vr%
izfroknhx.k us izkFkZuk dh gS fd mUgsa 25&25 gtkj :I;s gtkZuk fnyk;k tk;s
vkSj oknh dk nkok fujLr fd;k tkosA
vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds rdZ %&
07- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dk rdZ gS fd
oknh us izfroknh dks fldeh ij fookfnr tehu nh Fkh vkSj izfroknh oknh
dks dHkh uxn vkSj dHkh Qly nssrk FkkA tc izfroknh oknh dks
uxn@Qly nsus ls badkj dj fn;k rc izfroknh us lwfpr fd;k fd oknh us
izfroknh ds fgr esa ekSf[kd fgckukek dj fn;k Fkk vkSj bl vk/kkj ij
fookfnr Hkwfe ij mudk ukekUrj.k gks x;k gS A izfroknh dzekad &1 dk
fookg oknh dh cgu ds lkFk gqvk Fkk A izfroknh dzekad 2 izfroknh dzekad
&1 dh ifRu gS vkSj izfroknh dzzekad 3 ,oa 4 izfroknh dzekad &1 ds ifjokj
ds gh gSA
08- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dk ;g Hkh rdZ gS
fd dfFkr fgckukek ds iwoZ ¼o"kZ 89 ds iwoZ½ oknh fookfnr Hkwfe dk Lokeh gksuk
fookfnr ugha gSA blfy;s fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk iz'uxr fu.kZ; ds
iSjk&7 esa fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ xyr gS D;ksafd o"kZ 89 ds iwoZ oknh fookfnr
Hkwfe dk Lokeh gksuk fookfnr ugha gSA izfroknhx.k us oknh ds ukekUrj.k dks
pqukSrh nsrs gq;s fjV fiVh'ku dzekad 9509@06 izLrqr dh Fkh ftlesa Hkh iSjk
&2 esa oknh dks fookfnr Hkwfe dk Lokeh gksuk Lohdkjk x;k gSA
09- oknh dk okn ;g gS fd oknh us izfroknh dks Hkwfe fldeh esa
nh vkSj izfroknh dks dCtk Hkwfe fldeh ij nsus ds dkj.k fn;k FkkA oknh
lk{kh dzekad &1 glhc eksgEen us vius dFku esa fgck djus vkSj fgck ij
tehu nsus vkSj ukekUrj.k ls iw.kZr% badkj fd;k gSA izfroknh dzekad &1 us
viuh lk{; esa fookfnr Hkwfe ij oknh dk LokfeRo Lohdkj djrs gq;s Hkwfe
ekSf[kd fgck ij izkIr djuk crk;k gSA fldeh ds nLrkost ij izfroknh
dzekad &1 us gLrk{kj gksuk Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA izfroknh lk{kh dzekad 2 ,o
3 fgckukek ds lk{kh gS tks LFkkuh; fuoklh ugha gSA izfroknhx.k] fo'ks"kdj
izfroknh dzekad &1 oknh dk lxk fj'rsnkj ugha gSA nksuksa vyx&vyx LFkku
ds fuoklh gSA oknh ds cPps@ifRu gS rFkk oknh ds ikl vU; dksbZ tehu ugha
gS] rks oknh izfroknh dks tehu nku esa D;ks nsxkA
10- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dk ;g Hkh rdZ gS
fd orZeku ekeys esa fgckukek dh rhu 'krZ@vko';d ?kVd essa ls nks 'krZ@nks
?kVd iwjs ugha gSA vr% orZeku ekeys esa fgckukek ds vko';d ?kVd iwjs ugha
gSA orZeku ekeys esa oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknhx.k dks fgck djuk
izekf.kr ugha gSA vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls mDr lEcU/k esa U;k; n`"VkUr
ealwj lkfgc fo- lyhek ¼e`r½ dh vksj ls fof/kd okjlku 2024 ,l-lh-lh- vkWu
ykbZu ,l-lh- 3809 dk voyEc fy;k x;k gSA
11- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk us iz'uxr fu.kZ;
ds iSjk &37 dks fufnZ"V djrs gq;s rdZ fd;k gS fd fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky;
us fgck nLrkost ij ij oknh ds gLrk{kj dk Lo;a feyku dj fu"d"kZ
fudkyus esas =qfV dh gSA fo'ks"kdj] blfy;s Hkh fd oknh us fgckukek ij
gLrk{kj ls badkj fd;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa izfroknh dks gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK ds
dFku djk dj fgck nLrkost izn'kZ Mh&2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj izekf.kr djuk
FkkA vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls mDr lEcU/k esa U;k; n`"VkUr vt; dqekj
ijekj fo- jktLFkku jkT; ¼2012½ 12 ,l-lh-lh-406 ,oa fFk:csaxMe fiYYkbZ fo-
uouhFkEey ,oa vU; ¼2008½ 4 ,l-lh-lh- 530 dk voyEc fy;k x;k gS A
mDr vk/kkj ij vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dk rdZ gS fd iz-
Mh-&2 ds fgck nLrkost ij oknh ds gLrk{kj gksuk izekf.kr ugha gSA
vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ikl izfroknh ds i{k esa fgck djus dk dksbZ dkj.k@ gsrqd
ugha gS vkSj ;fn fgck lkfcr ugha gS rks oknh Lor% fookfnr Hkwfe dk Lokeh
gksuk izekf.kr gSA ;fn oknh us fgckukek@ml ij gLrk{kj ls badkj fd;k gS
rks U;k;ky; fdlh izdkj dh mi/kkj.kk ugha dj ldrhA pwafd vihykFkhZ@oknh
ds ikl vU; dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS] blfy;s mldh iRuh vkSj cPPks Hkh fgckukek
ij vkifRr dj ldrs gSA
12- bl izdkj vihykFkhZ@oknh fookfnr Hkwfe dk ewyr% Lokeh gksuk
nf'kZr gS vkSj fgckukek oknh }kjk izfroknh ds i{k esa fd;k tkuk izekf.kr ugha
gSA pwafd oknh ds vU; dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS vkSj izfroknh oknh dk lxk fj'rsnkj
ugha gSA blfy;s oknh }kjk izfroknh ds fgr esa fgckukek fu"ikfnr djus dk
iz'u gh mRiUu ughs gksrk gSA vr% fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us fgckukek dks
lkfcr gksuk izekf.kr ekuus esa =qfV dh gSA vr% mijksDr vk/kkjksa ij
vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/kkoDrk ds rdZ gS fd vihykFkhZ@oknh dh
vksj ls izLrqr vihy Lohdkj dj iz'uxr fu.kZ; ,oa vkKfIr@fMdzh dks
vikLr fd;k tk;sA
izR;[email protected] ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds rdZ %&
13- izR;[email protected] ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dk rdZ gS fd
oknh us 1989 esa ekSf[kd fgck fd;k Fkk vkSj fnukad 28-06-89 dks fgck@eseks
ys[k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj mlds ckn fgckukek ds vk/kkj ij ukekUrj.k gsrq
vkosnu izLrqr fd;k x;kA orZeku nkok mlds 17 lky ckn fnukad 10-03-
2006 dks is'k fd;k x;k gSA iwjs nkos esa ;g mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd oknh
ekufld :i ls vLoLFk gksus ds dkj.k mlus izfroknh dks Hkwfe fldeh ij nh
vkSj fgck@fgckukek ls badkj fd;k gSA izfroknh us fgckukek lkfcr djus ds
fy;s izfroknh lk{kh dzekad &2 ,oa 3 ds dFku djk;s gSA izfroknh lk{kh dza-&4
,l-lh- fd'kksj] uk;c rglhynkj] ds dFku ls Li"V gS fd fgckukek ds vk/kkj
ij ukekUrj.k oknh dh lgefr ls gqvk gS A fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us oknh
ds vkpj.k ds lEcU/k esa iz'uxr fu.kZ; ds iSjk &14 esa fVII.kh dh gS vkSj
izfroknh lk{kh dza- 2 ,oa 3 dh lk{; ij iz'uxr fu.kZ; ds iSjk&16 esa fopkj
fd;k gS A fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us iz'uxr fu.kZ; esa fgckukek ij oknh ds
gLrk{kj ds lEcU/k esa Hkh fopkj fd;k gSA oknh us eq[;ijh{k.k ds 'kiFk i= ij
gLrk{kj ls badkj fd;k gSA fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us iz'uxr fu.kZ; esa oknh
ds Lohd`r gLrk{kj ls fgck izn'kZ Mh&2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj ls rqyuk dj
fu"d"kZ fudkyk gSA iz'uxr fu.kZ; esa U;k;ky; us fgck ds vko';d ?kVdksa dh
Hkh leh{kk dh gSA oknh ds ewyr% Lokeh gksus ls badkj ugha gS ysfdu oknh dk
orZeku esa Lokeh gksuk Lohdkj ugha gSA
14- izR;[email protected] ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dk ;g Hkh rdZ
gS fd oknh lk{kh dzekad&1 us izfroknh ls vPNs lEcU/k gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gS
vkSj fgck djus dk dkj.k@gsrqd izklafxd ugha gSA dsoy ;g rF; fd] oknh
ds ikl vU; tehu ugha gS] fgck dks lansgkLin ugha cukrkA oknh us ,slh dksbZ
ifjLFkfr bafxr ugha dh gS tks fgck dks lansgkLin cuk;sA oknh us ,slh dksbZ
lk{; izLrqr ugha dh gS fd og ekufld :i ls LoLFk ugha gSA fo}ku fopkj.k
U;k;ky; us leLr lk{; ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq;s iz'uxr fu.kZ;
,oa fMdzh ikfjr dh gS vkSj mlesa dksbZ =qfV ugha gSA blds vykok pwafd oknh
us fgck izn'kZ Mh&2 ij gLrk{kj ls badkj fd;k gS] blfy;s oknh dks
gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK dk dFku djkuk FkkA izR;FkhZ @izfroknhx.kds ofj"B fo}ku
vf/koDrk dk ;g Hkh rdZ gS fd vt; dqekj ¼iwoksZDr½ okys ekeys esa ,slk
dksbZ fl)kUr izfrikfnr ugha fd;k gS fd U;k;ky; Lo;a gLrk{kj dh rqyuk
ugha dj ldrk gSA fjVfiVh'ku dza-9509@06 ¼uQht mj&jgeku ,oa vU; fo-
glhc eksgEen [kku½ jktLo dk;Zokgh ls lEcaf/kr gSA blfy;ss flfoy
U;k;ky; ij ca/kudkjh ugha gSA vihykFkhZ@oknh us nkos esa fgck fujLrh dk
dksbZ vuqrks"k ugha pkgk gSA
15- mijksDr vk/kkjksa ij izR;[email protected] ds ofj"B fo}ku
vf/koDrk dk rdZ gS fd fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr iz'uxr fu.kZ;
,oa fMdzh esa gLr{ksi djus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ;k vk/kkj ugha gSA vr%
vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls izLrqr vihy fujLr dh tk;sA
16- fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us O;ogkj okn dzekad 104,@2006
¼glhc eksgEen ,oa vU; fo- uQhl mj&jgeku½ esa fnukad 25-10-08 dks ikfjr
fu.kZ; ,oa fMdzh] esa mHk; i{kksa ds vfHkopuksa ,oa lk{; dk ewY;kdau djrs gq;s
oknh }kjk izLrqr okn fujLr fd;k gS ftlls O;fFkr gksdj vihykFkhZ@oknh
}kjk ;g vihy izLrqr dh gSA
17- mHk;i{k ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrkx.k ds rdZ lqus x,A
izdj.k dk voyksdu fd;k x;kA
fo'ys"k.k ,oa fu"d"kZ %&
18- ekeys dh xq.knks"kksa ij leh{kk djus ds iwoZ izdj.k ds dfri;
vk/kkjHkwr rF;ksa] tks izdj.k ds xq.k nks"kkas ij fujkdj.k gsrq izklafxd gS] dks
fufnZ"V fd;k tkuk mfpr gksxk] tks fuEukuqlkj gS %&
1- vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk orZeku okn [kljk ua-
245@2 jdok 36,dM 35 fMfley ,oa [kljk ua-
246 jdok 8 ,dM] fLFkr xzke dqeM+h fcBksjh
rglhy xksgjxat] ftyk jk;lsu ds lEcU/k eas
izLrqr fd;k x;k gS;
2- vihykFkhZ@oknh us orZeku okn mDr Hkwfe ds
lEcU/k esa LoRo ?kks"k.kk] dCtk okilh] vUrjorhZ
ykHk ,oa LFkk;h fu"ks/kkKk gsrq izLrqr fd;k gS;
3- orZeku okn esa oknh us okn ds vuqrks"k [k.M esa
fgck 01-05-89@fnukad 28-06-89 ds fgck nLrkost
dh fujLrh dk dksbZ vuqrks"k ugha pkgk gS;
4- okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd
oknh dks fnukad 23-10-2002 dks [kljk@la'kksf/kr
iath dh udy izkIr gksus ij ;g Kkr gks x;k fd
izfroknh dza&1 ls 4 us QthZ@ dwV jfpr fgckukek
ds vk/kkj ij ukekUr.k djk;k gS ysfdu orZeku
okn fnukad 10-03-2006 dks izLrqr fd;k gS;
5- izfroknhx.k ds cpko dk vk/kkj oknh }kjk
izfroknhx.k ds fgr esa fookfnr Hkwfe dk ekSf[kd
fgck fnuakd 01-05-89@fgck fnukad 28-06-89 gS
ysfdu izfroknhx.k dh vksj ls izdj.k esa fdlh Hkh
izdkj dk dksbZ izfrnkok izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k gS;
6- pwafd orZeku nkok vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk izLrqr
fd;k x;k gS vkSj izR;[email protected] dh vksj ls
izdj.k esa dksbZ izfrnkok izLrqr ugha fd;k gS vkSj
muds }kjk dsoy fgck dk cpko fy;k x;k gS;
vr% mijksDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vihykFkhZ@oknh dks
fof/k vuqlkj viuk nkok izekf.kr djuk vko';d
gS;
7- ;g Hkh lqLFkkfir gS fd oknh dks viuk okn Loa;
izekf.kr djuk gksrk gS vkSj mls izfroknh dh fdlh
detksjh dk ykHk ugha feyrk vkSj u gh izfroknh
dh fdlh detksjh ds vk/kkj ij oknh dk okn
izekf.kr ekuk tk ldrk gS;
19- blds vykok izdj.k dh xq.knks"kksa ij leh{kk djus ds iwoZ ;g
fufnZ"V djuk Hkh mfpr gksxk fd oknh ds nkos dk vk/kkj D;k gS vkSj la{ksi esa
oknh dk nkok D;k gS\ oknh dk okni= eas vfHkopu gS fd og Hkwfe [kljk ua-
245@2 jdok 36 ,dM 35 fMlfey ,oa [kljk ua- 246 jdok 8 ,dM Hkwfe
dk Lokeh gS vkSj oknh ,oa izfroknh dzekad &1 utnhdh@fudV ds fj'rsnkj
gksdj muds ?kfu"V lEcU/k jgs gSa A oknh dkQh le; ls ekufld :i ls
vLoLFk gksus ,oa ifjokj dk dksbZ o;Ld lnL; oknxzLr Hkwfe dh ns[kjs[k
djus @d`f"k dk;Z gsrq u gksus ls oknh fookfnr Hkwfe dks izfroknh dza-1 dks
equkQs ij fn;k vkSj 1986 o 1990 esa bdjkjukek fu"ikfnr fd;k A izfroknh
dza&1 izR;sd o"kZ] o"kZ iwjk gksus ij oknxzLr Hkwfe dk dCtk oknh dks ykSVk nsrk
FkkA o"kZ 2002&2003 esa izfroknh dza&1 us u rks equkQk fn;k vkSj u dCtk
okil fd;k A 2002 esa izfroknh dza&1 us oknh ls dgk fd Hkwfe oknh ds uke
ls jktLo vfHkys[k esa ugha jgh gS vkSj dksbZ Hkqxrku ugha fd;kA
20- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds rdksZ dks la{ksi
esa nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
izFke & ewyr% oknh fookfnr Hkwfe dk Lokeh
gksuk@1989 ds iwoZ rd Lokeh gksuk ,d Lohd`r rF;
gSA vr% oknh dks mDr rF; dks i`Fkd ls izekf.kr
djuk vko';d ugha gSA
f}rh; & vihykFkhZ@oknh us fookfnr Hkwfe
izfroknhx.k dks fgck ugha dh gS@ izfroknhx.k ds i{k
esa fgck izn'kZ Mh&2 fu"ikfnr ugha fd;k gSA
21- vr% loZizFke fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k vihykFkhZ@oknh fookfnr
Hkwfe dk Lokeh@,d ek= Lokeh gksuk izekf.kr gS rFkk D;k oknh ds okni= esa
ds vfHkopuksa o okafNr vuqrks"k ds n`f"Vxr oknh ds i{k esa LoRo ?kks"k.kk dh
vkKfIr ikfjr dh tk ldrh gS\
22- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/kkoDrk dk rdZ gS fd
1989 ds iwoZ oknh fookfnr Hkwfe dk Lokeh gksuk fookfnr ugha gSA vr% fopkj.k
U;k;ky; }kjk rr~lacU/k esa iz'uxr fu.kZ; esa fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ mfpr ugha gS
A bl lEcU/k esa rdZ ds nkSjku vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk us
fjV fiVh'ku dza-9509@06 ¼uQhl mj&jgeku ,oa vU; fo- glhc eksgEen
[kku½ ds iSjk &2 dks Hkh fufnZ"V fd;k gSA ysfdu oknh ds okni= esa ds
vfHkopuksa ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd oknh us okni= essa fookfnr Hkwfe ij vius
LoRo dk L=ksr@vk/kkj Li"V ugha fd;k gSA
23- izfroknhx.k ds fyf[kr dFku esa ds vfHkpuksa ls nf'kZr gksrk gS
fd mUgksusa fookfnr Hkwfe oknh ls fgck esa izkIr gksuk vfHkopfur fd;k gSA
izfroknh lk{khx.k izfroknh uQhl mj&jgeku ,oa vCnqy dkfnj us Hkh viuh
lk{; esa fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknhx.k dks oknh ls fgck esa izkIr gksuk crk;k gSA
vr% izfroknhx.k }kjk fyf[kr dFku esa ,oa izfroknh lk{khx.k }kjk viuh
lk{; esa fookfnr Hkwfe ij ewyr% oknh ds LokfeRo dks pqukSrh nsuk vfHkys[k ls
nf'kZr ugha gSA blds vykok iz-Mh-&4 dh la'kks/ku iath ,oa iz-Mh- &5 ds
[kljk iaplkyk ¼1986&87ls 1990&91½ esa oknh glhc eksgEen dk uke
fookfnr Hkwfe ij Lokeh ds :i esa ntZ gSA
24- vr% fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k mijksDr ls vihykFkhZ@oknh
fookfnr Hkwfe dk Hkwfe Lokeh gksuk@,d ek= Hkwfe Lokeh gksuk izekf.kr gS\
25- mDr lEcU/k esa ekeys dh xq.knks"kksa ij leh{kk djus ds iwoZ
lqlaxr fof/kd fLFkfr dks fufnZ"V djuk mfpr gksxkA ekuuh; mPpre
U;k;ky; }kjk ;wfu;u vkQ bafM;k ,oa vU; fo- olkoh dks&vijsfVo gkmflax
lkslk;Vh fyfe- ,oa vU;] ,-vkbZ-vkj 2014 ,l-lh-937] esa fof/kd fLFkfr
fuEukuqlkj Li"V dh xbZ gS %&
"14. At the outset, let us examine the legal position with regard
to whom the burden of proof lies in a suit for declaration of title
and possession.
This Court in Maran Mar Basselios Catholicos v.
Thukalan Paulo Avira reported in AIR1959 SC 31
observed that "in a suit for declaration if the plaintiffs are
to succeed, they must do so on the strength of their own
title." In Nagar Palika, Jind v. Jagat Singh, Advocate
(1995) 3 SCC 426, this Court held as under:
"the onus to prove title to the property in question was
on the plaintiff. In a suit for ejectment based on title it
was incumbent on the part of the court of appeal first to
record a finding on the claim of title to the suit land
made on behalf of the plaintiff. The court is bound to
enquire or investigate that question first before going
into any other question that may arise in a suit."
15. The legal position, therefore, is clear that the plaintiff in a
suit for declaration of title and possession could succeed only
on the strength of its own title and that could be done only by
adducing sufficient evidence to discharge the onus on it,
irrespective of the question whether the defendants have proved
their case or not. We are of the view that even if the title set up
by the defendants is found against, in the absence of
establishment of plaintiff's own title, plaintiff must be non-
suited.
17. This Court in several Judgments has held that the revenue
records does not confer title. In Corporation of the City of
Bangalore v. M. Papaiah and another (1989) 3 SCC 612 held
that "it is firmly established that revenue records are not
documents of title, and the question of interpretation of
document not being a document of title is not a question of
law." In Guru Amarjit Singh v. Rattan Chand and others
(1993) 4 SCC 349 this Court has held that "that the entries in
jamabandi are not proof of title". In State of Himachal Pradesh
v. Keshav Ram and others (1996) 11 SCC 257 this Court held
that "the entries in the revenue papers, by no stretch of
imagination can form the basis for declaration of title in favour
of the plaintiff."
20.We are of the view that even if the entries in the Record of
Rights carry evidentiary value, that itself would not confer any
title on the plaintiff on the suit land in question--------We are of
the view that these entries, as such, would not confer any title.
Plaintiffs have to show, independent of those entries, that the
plaintiff's predecessors had title over the property in question
and---------".
26- LoRo ?kk"k.kk ds nkos esa vko';d vfHkopuksa ds lEcU/k esa
ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk mRrjk[kaM jkT; o vU; fo- eafnj Jh y{e.k
fl) egkjkt]¼2017½ 9 ,l-lh-lh-579 esa fuEukuqlkj vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k
gS%&
"19. We have set out the averments of the plaint supra to show
that a relief of declaration of ownership over the suit properties
and injunction was sought on these averments.
19.1. To begin with, in our considered opinion, the plaint
completely lacked necessary material pleadings and
particulars for claiming a declaration of title over the suit
property (Temple and land) and permanent injunction.
19.2. Secondly, the necessary material pleadings in such case
ought to have been as to how and on what basis, the plaintiff
claimed his ownership over such a famous heritage temple and
the land surrounding the Temple. The plaintiff i.e. Sri Bharat
Bhushan Bharti, who had styled himself as "Mahant" and
"Manager" of the Temple, ought to have pleaded necessary
details such as, whether he claimed the right of ownership
through his forefathers and, if so, who were they and whether
they constructed the Temple with their own resources and, if
so, in which year?
19.3. Thirdly, whether the plaintiff's forefathers were allotted
the land in question pursuant to any grant or patta or lease or
licence or any kind of written permission for constructing the
Temple on such land by the State and, if so, its details ought to
have been pleaded?
19.4. Fourthly, whether the plaintiff's forefathers ensured
compliances of such grant, etc. if grant was made and
whether the construction of the Temple was for the family as
a private temple or for the benefit of the public at large, as the
case may be? These facts also ought to have been pleaded.
19.5. Fifthly, how and in what manner, the present plaintiff
claims to be or/and is related to the forefathers, who
constructed the Temple around 5000-6000 years back for
tracing the plaintiff's right of inheritance through family
pedigree? These facts also ought to have been pleaded.
19.6. Sixthly, when the plaintiff claimed a right of
management of the Temple and its property as
"Mahant/Pujari" or "Manager", then he ought to have
pleaded as to on what basis, he was claiming the post of
"Mahant/Pujari" or "Manager" -- was it through his
forefathers or through any other channel and who, according
to him, was the owner of the Temple?; and who nominated
him as Mahant/Pujari?; and whether it was by any written
order?; and, if so, on what terms and conditions and whether
such person had any such authority to nominate the plaintiff
or was it by way of any custom prevalent, etc.? These facts
ought to have been pleaded with details.
19.7. Seventhly, whether the plaintiff as "owner" or
"Mahant" or "Manager" ever asserted his right of ownership,
Mahantship or Managership against the public at large
without there being any objection from anyone from public
at large?
20. In our considered opinion, a case with which we are
dealing here, the aforesaid material facts were necessarily to
be pleaded to establish prima facie the legal right of the
plaintiff in such type of suit property.
21. As mentioned above, since the plaint did not contain
aforementioned pleadings, the suit was liable for rejection at
the threshold. That apart, there was absolutely no evidence
(documentary) adduced by the plaintiff to prove and establish
his legal ownership rights over the Temple and the land and
nor did he adduce any documentary evidence to show his so-
called "Mahantship" or "Managership", except making bald
averments in the plaint running in four pages and that too
with no material details set out above.
22. We are, therefore, really at a loss to understand as to how
and on what basis such suit could be entertained, much less
decreed."
27- blh izdkj vk/kzizns'k mPp U;k;ky; }kjk iksatwjx
a e ,oa vU;
fo- n'kZuyk Lokeh ,oa vU;] 2012¼2½ ,-,y-Vh-607] esa fuEukuqlkj vo/kkfjr
fd;k x;k gS %&
" In a suit for declaration, heavy burden rests
upon the plaintiff to prove the title, particularly when
it is in respect of an item of immovable property.
There are certain known sources of acquisition of title,
such as by way of succession, purchase, assignment
from the Government, or even by perfecting the title
by adverse possession. To prove the title, what
becomes essential is to identify the erstwhile owner of
the property and then to explain the manner in which
it has accrued to the plaintiff. Even if there exists
certain missing links in the chain of events that
connect the original owner and plaintiff, the title can
be said to have been established, in the absence of any
stronger claim by the defendant."
28- vc izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa lk{; dh leh{kk mijksDr fof/kd
fLFkfr ds ifjis{; esa dh tkosxhA
29- ;g lgh gS fd Lohd`r rF; dks lkfcr djuk vko';d ugha
gksrk gSA orZeku ekeys esa mDr lEcU/k easa mYys[kuh; gS fd vihykFkhZ@oknh
us orZeku nkok] vU; vuqrks"k ds vykok] LoRo ?kks"k.kk gsrq izLrqr fd;k gS
ysfdu oknh }kjk izLrqr okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa ,oa oknh lk{khx.k ds eq[;
ijh{k.k esa ds dFkuksa ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd oknh us okni= esa ,oa oknh lk{khx.k
us] fo'ks"kdj Lo;a oknh us] vius eq[; ijh{k.k esa fookfnr Hkwfe ij vius LoRo
dk L=ksr@vk/kkj Li"V ugha fd;k gS vFkkZr oknh dks fookfnr Hkwfe dk
LokfeRo dc] dSls vkSj fdl izdkj izkIr gqvk gS vkSj mls fookfnr Hkwfe fdl
izdkj izkIr gqbZ A ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd orZeku ekeys esa izfroknhx.k us
fgck ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ izfrnkok izLrqr ugha fd;k gS] ek= fgck dk cpko
fy;k gSA U;k;ky; dk lwfopkfjr er gS fd fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh Hkwfe dk
Lokeh] dsoy Lohd`fr ds vk/kkj ij@fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk pqukSrh ughs fn;s
tkus vk/kkj ek= ij] fcuk fdlh nLrkost@fcuk fdlh vU; lk{; ds ?kksf"kr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd ;g lq&LFkkfir gS fd
[kljk LokfeRo dk nLrkost ugha gksrk gSA
30- blds vykok Lo;a oknh glhc eksgEen [kku us izfrijh{k.k ds
iSjk &18 esa dFku fd;k gS fd mldh uwjxat esa 18 ,dM+ vkSj fcBksjh esa 44-36
fMlfey Hkwfe FkhA mlds uke tks tehu Fkh] mls mldk [kljk uEcj ;kn
ugha ekyqeA mldh okfynk ,oa mlds HkkbZ;ksa ds uke Hkh bruh&bruh tehu
vk;h FkhA oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku ¼ok-lk-&2½] tks oknh dh ifRu gS] vius
dFku esa bl lEcU/k esas ekSu gS fd fookfnr Hkwfe oknh dks dc@dSls izkIr gqbZA
oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku dk izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &9 ,oa 11 esa dFku gS fd
;g dguk lgh gS fd HkkbZ;ksa ds e/; cVokjk gks x;k Fkk ysfdu cVokjk dc
gqvk ;g mls ;kn ugha gSA mlds ifr vkSj HkkbZ;kas ds e/; cVokjk mldh
'kknh ds dqN fnu ckn gqvk Fkk A 'kknh ds ckn mldk ifr vkSj HkkbZ ,d
lkFk jgus ds ckn vyx vyx gks x;s FksA
31- izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku ¼iz-lk-1½ us izfrijh{k.k esa
dFku fd;k gS fd oknxzLrHkwfe la;qDr ifjokj dh laifRr FkhA bl tehu ds
vykok vkSj Hkh tehu FkhA 1986&89 ds chp lqYrku eksgEen [kku] jQhd
eksgEen] jbZl eksgEen] vkSj glhc eksgEen ds ikl yxHkx <sM lkS ,dM
tehu FkhA mls bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha gS fd oknxzLr Hkwfe oknh ds uke
dc gqbZ A ;g g lgh gS fd o"kZ 1986 esa oknxzLr Hkwfe jktLo vfHkys[kksa esa
oknh ds uke ij ntZ FkhA mls bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha gS fd oknh us
oknxzLr Hkwfe dks cSad vkQ bafM;k] lhgksj] esa fxjoh j[kdj _.k izkIr fd;k
FkkA mls bl ckr dh Hkh tkudkjh ugha gS fd og tehu vVSp gksdj mldk
izdj.k xkSgjxat U;k;ky; esa py jgk gSA mls ;g Hkh ugha ekyqe fd tehu
ca/kd j[kh gksus ls Hkw&vf/kdkj _.k iqfLrdk cSad vkQ bafM;k lhgksj esa vkt
Hkh tek gSA mDr lEcU/k esa mYys[kkuh; gS fd oknh us mijksDr lEcU/k esa cSad
ds vko';d@lqlaxr nLrkost is'k ugha fd;s gS vkSj mudh vizLrqfr dk dksbZ
dkj.k Hkh ugha crk;k gSA
32- izfroknh lk{kh ckyk izlkn dk izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&10 esa dFku
gS fd uQhl fea;k ds ikl vkt dh rkjh[k esa >xMs okyh tehu dks NksMdj
vkSj fdruh tehu gS] mls ugha ekyqe ysfdu muds ifjokj dk cVokjk gks
x;k gSA uQhl fe;k ds firk ds ikl 1010&150 ,dM tehu FkhA izfroknh
lk{kh panq fe;k us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &8 esa dFku fd;k gS fd mls ugha ekyqe
fd oknxzLr Hkwfe ds vykok vU; dksbZ Hkwfe oknh dks cVokjs esa izkIr gqbZ gS ;k
ughaA
33- bl izdkj mijksDr ls fookfnr Hkwfe oknh dks ifjokfjd cVokjs
esa izkIr gksuk izrhr gksrk gS ysfdu izdj.k esa oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe mls
mlds HkkbZ;ksa ds lkFk gq;s ikfjokfjd cVokjs esa izkIr gksus ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ Hkh
nLrkost@lk{; izLrqr ugha dh x;h gS vkSj ;g Hkh Li"V ugha fd;k gS fd
cVokjk esa mlds HkkbZ;ksa vkSj mldh ckfynk dks D;k feyk FkkA oknh lk{kh
glhc eksgEen ,oa rktoj lqYrku us viuksa dFkuksa esa ;g Hkh Li"V ugha fd;k
gS fd cVokjk esa oknh dh okfynk@ HkkbZ;ksa dks dkSu lh tehu feyh FkhA
34- bl izdkj izdj.k esa oknh dh vksj ls fookfnr Hkwfe ,d ek=
mls ikfjokfjd cVokjs esa izkIr gksus ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ Hkh
nLrkost@fo'oluh; lk{; izLrqr ugha dh x;h gS vkSj oknh }kjk orZeku
nkok fookfnr Hkwfe dk ,d ek= Lokeh gksus ds lEcU/k esa LoRo ?kks"k.kk gsrq
izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
35- mDr lEcU/k esa iz-ih- 4 dk bdjkj ukek Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA iz-
ih- 4 ds bdjkj ukek esa mYys[k gS fd ^^ -------tks esjh tehu LFkhr dqeMh
fcBksjh esa gS eS viuh tehu tks ds esjs vkSj esjh eka ds uke dh o HkkbZ;ksa ds
uke dh gSA tks esjs dCts esa gS vksj mldks eS dbZ lky ls twr jgk gwa vkSj
ml ij esjk v/khdkj gS bl tehu ls dhlh dks dksbZ ljksdkj ugh gSA mDr
Hkwfe esa uQhl mj jgeku--------dks ,d lky equkQe ls rkjh[k -----twu ls 1986
ls 31 ebZ lu 1987 rd ds fy;s nksuks Qly ds fy;s ns jgk gwaA -----------^^A iz-
ih 4 dk nLrkost fnuakd 20-06-86 dk gSA iz-ih-&4 ds nLrkost ds i`"B Hkkx
ij i{kdkjksa o xokgks ds gLrk{kj ds ckn ;g vafdr gS fd ^^vkt fnukad 21-
06-86 dks glhc eksgEen [kka dh eka dh ejth u gksus ij mudh Hkwfe tks dh
10 ,dM gS ftldk [kljk ua- 245@1 gS equkQk ftldk ¼viBuh; ½gqvk Fkk
og eqgkns esa ls dkVdj ckdh rgjhj tSlh gS ogh jgsxhA^^
36- bl izdkj Lo;a vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk izLrqr bdjkjukek iz-ih-
4 ls ;g Li"V gS fd mDr bdjkjukek esa] tks Hkwfe fldeh ij @equkQs ij
izfroknh dzekad &1 dks nsus dk mYys[k gS] mDr Hkwfe oknh] mldh eka ,oa
HkkbZ;ksa ds uke dh gSA bl izdkj iz-ih-&4 esa dh mDr bckjr ls Hkh Hkwfe ij
,d ek= oknh dk LoRo gksuk nf'kZr ugha gSA iz-ih- 4 esa [kljk uEcj ,oa jdok
dk mYys[k ugha gSA iz-ih- 5 esa fnukad 25-06-90 dks glho eksgEen }kjk viuh
tehu 21-35 ,dM ¼44-35 ,dM+ ugha] tks orZeku izdj.k esa fookfnr gS½] tks
okyk dqeMh fcVksjh esa gS] uQhl mj jgeku dks 1990&91 ds fy;s
fldeh@equkQs ij fn;s tkus dk mYys[k gS A iz-ih-&5 esa Hkh [kljk uEcj dk
mYys[k ugha gSA bl izdkj iz-ih- &4 ,oa iz-ih&5 }kjk lEiw.kZ fookfnr Hkwfe
fldeh@equkQs ij izfroknh dza-1 uQhl mj jgeku dks fn;k tkuk izekf.kr
ugha gSA izn'kZ ih 4 dh Hkwfe oknh ds ,d ek= LokfeRo dh gksuk Hkh izekf.kr
ugha gSA
37- vr% fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ds vk/kkj ij
U;k;ky; dk er gS fd fookfnr Hkwfe ij oknh ds LokfeRo @,d ek= Lokeh
gksus ds lEcU/k esa oknh ds okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa] miyC/k lk{; vkSj mldh
izd`fr] fo'ks"kr%] okni= esa LoRo ds L=ksr@vk/kkj ds lEcU/k esa vfHkopuksa ds
iw.kZr% vHkko] ikfjokfjd cVokjk oknh @mlds HkkbZ;ksa @okfynk ds e/; dc
gqvk vkSj cVokjs esa fdls] dkSu ls losZ uEcj ¼e; jdok ½ izkIr gq;]s ds lEcU/k
esa ekSf[kd@nLrkosth lk{; ds iwoZr% vHkko ,oa izn'kZ ih&4 ,oa ih&5 ds
bdjkjukeksa esa of.kZr mijksDr rF;ksa dks ns[krs gq;s oknh dk Hkwfe ij
LokfeRo@,d ek= LokfeRo gksuk ekurs gq;s oknh ds i{k esa ek= LohdkjksfDr
ds vk/kkj ij LoRo ?kks"k.kk dh vkKfIr ikfjr fd;k tkuk laHko ugha gSA
38- blds vykok okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd
oknh us orZeku nkok LoRo ?kks"k.kk] LFkk;h fu"ks/kkKk] dCtk okfilh ,oa vUrZorhZ
ykHk gsrq izLrqr fd;k gS vkSj nkos dh vUrZoLrq esa fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck
izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa djus@fgck nLrkost fu"ikfnr djus ls badkj fd;k gS
ysfdu nkos ds vuqrks"k [k.M esa fgck@fgck nLrkost dh fujLrh dk vuqrks"k
ugha pkgk x;k gSA izfroknhx.k ds fyf[kr dFku esa Li"V vfHkopu gS fd oknh
us fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknhx.k dks fgck dj nLrkost ¼ izn'kZ Mh &2 ½ Hkh
izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa fu"ikfnr fd;k A
39- mijksDr lEcU/k esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k; n`"VkUr
eksg- uw:y gksMk fo- chch jQhuqfUulk] ¼1996½ 7 ,l-lh-lh- 767] ds iSjk &6 esa
ds fuEu izs{k.k lqlaxr gksdj izklafxd gS%&
"6............. When the plaintiff seeks to establish his title to
the property which cannot be established without avoiding
the decree or an instrument that stands as an
insurmountable obstacle in his way which otherwise binds
him, though not a party, the plaintiff necessarily has to
seek a declaration and have that decree, instrument or
contract cancelled or set aside or rescinded. Section 31 of
the Specific Relief Act, 1963 regulates suits for cancellation of
an instrument which lays down that any person against whom
a written instrument is void or voidable and who has a
reasonable apprehension that such instrument, if left
outstanding, may cause him serious injury, can sue to have it
adjudged void or voidable and the court may in its discretion
so adjudge it and order it to be delivered or cancelled. It would
thus be clear that the word 'person' in Section 31 of the
Specific Relief Act is wide enough to encompass a person
seeking derivative title from his seller. It would, therefore, be
clear that if he seeks avoidance of the instrument, decree or
contract and seeks a declaration to have the decrees set aside
or cancelled he is necessarily bound to lay the suit within three
years from the date when the facts entitling the plaintiff to
have the decree set aside, first became known to him."
40- mDr lEcU/k esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk gqlSu vgen
pkS/kjh o vU; fo- gchcqZjgeku ¼e`r½ }kjk okfjlku] 2025 vks-lqizhe¼,l-lh-½
698] ds iSjk &33 esa fuEukuqlkj vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS %&
"33. In fact, it is logicaloly impossible for a person
who is not a party to a document or to a decree to ask
for its cancellation. This is clearly explained by
Wadsworth, J. in the decision rendered in Vellayyaa
Konar (Died) and Another Vs. Ramaswami Konar
and Another, 1939 SCC Online Mad 149, thus:
When, the plaintiff seeks to establish a title
in himself and cannot establish that title
without removing an insuperable obstruction
such as a decree to which he has been a party
or a deed to which he has been a party,
then quite clearly he must get that decree
or deed cancelled or declared void 'in
toto' and his suit is in substance a suit for
the cancellation of the decree or deed even
though it be framed as a suit for declaration.
But when he is seeking to establish a title
and finds himself threatened by a decree or a
transaction between third parties, he is not in
a position to get that decree or that deed
cancelled in toto. That is a thing which can
only be done by parties to the decree or deed
or their representatives. His proper remedy
therefore in order to clear the way with a
view to establish his title, is to get a
declaration that the decree or deed is invalid
so far as he himself is concerned and he must
therefore sue for such a declaration and not
for the cancellation of the decree or deed"
41- mijksDr U;k; n`"VkUrksa esa izfrikfnr fl)kUr orZeku izdj.k ds
rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iw.kZr% ykxw gksrs gS A mijksDr dkj.k ls Hkh oknh ds
i{k esa LoRo ?kks"k.kk dh vkKfIr ikfjr fd;k tkuk laHko ugha gSA ,slk blfy;s
Hkh gS D;ksafd oknh dks fgck@izn'kZ Mh&2 ds nLrkost dh tkudkjh Lo;a
okni= esa ds vfHkopuksads vuqlkj fnuakd 23-10-2002 dks gks pqdh Fkh vkSj
orZeku nkok fnukad 10-03-2006 dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA tcfd mijksDr
rF;kRed ifjis{; esa oknh dks nkok 23-10-2002 ls 3 o"kZ ds vUnj izLrqr
djuk FkkA
42- vxyk fopkj.kh; iz'u ;g gS fd D;k oknh us fookfnr Hkwfe;kW
izfroknh x.k ds i{k esa fgck dj iz-Mh-&2 dk fgck nLrkost izfroknhx.k ds
i{k esa fu"Ikkfnr fd;k A mDr lEcU/k esa vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku
vf/koDrk ds rdZ la{ksi esa fuEukuqlkj gS%&
1- izfroknh dzekad&1 dks fookfnr Hkwfe dk dCtk
fldeh@equkQs ds vk/kkj ij fn;k x;k x;k gS] fgck
ds vk/kkj ij ugha A izfroknh dzekad &1 }kjk fldeh
ds vk/kkj ij dCtk izkIr djuk iz-ih- &4 ds
bdjkjukek ls Hkh Li"V gS D;ksafd iz-ih-&4 ij izfroknh
dzekad &1 us vius gLrk{kj gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gS;
2- oknhx.k us okn i= ,oa oknh lk{kh dzekad &1 glhc
eksgEen [kku us izfroknhx.k ds fgr esa fgck
djus@fgck nLrkost izn'kZ Mh&2 ij gLrk{kj ls badkj
fd;k gS;
3 pwafd oknh us fgck izn'kZ Mh&2 ij gLrk{kj ls badkj
fd;k gS] blfy;s izfroknh dks fgck izn'kZ Mh&2 ij
oknh ds gLrk{kj dks fdlh gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK ds dFku
djkdj izekf.kr djuk Fkk vkSj U;k;ky; us Loa;
gLrk{kj dk feyku dj fu"d"kZ fudkyus eas =qfV dh gS;
4 izdj.k esa oknh ds ikl fookfnr Hkwfe ds vykok vU;
Hkwfe gksuk izekf.kr ugha gS vkSj oknh dh iRuh vkSj cPps
gS A izfroknh dzekad&1 lxk fj'rsnkj ugha gSA izfroknh
x.k vyx vyx LFkku ds fuoklh gSA mDr fLFkfr esa
oknh izfroknhx.k ds fgr esa fgck D;ksa djsxkA bldk
dksbZ dkj.k @gsrqd ugha gS;
5 fgck nLrkost izn'kZ Mh&2 ds lk{kh Loar= lk{kh ugha
gSA lk{kh fgrc)@fj'rsnkj gS] LFkkuh; ugha gSA fgck
dh vko';d 'krsZ iwjh gksuk izekf.kr ugha gSA vr% iz-
Mh-&2 dk fgck nLrkost@fgck lkfcr ugha gksus ls
oknh fookfnr Hkwfe dk Lokeh gS;
43- vr% loZizFke fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k vihykFkhZ@oknh us
fookfnr Hkwfe izR;FkhZ@izfroknh dzekad &1 dks equkQs@fldeh ij nsdj dCtk
fn;kA oknh ds okn i= esas ds vfHkopuksa ,oa oknh lk{kh Loa; oknh glhc
eksgEen [kku ,oa oknh dh ifRu rktoj lqYrku ds dFkuksa ls oknh }kjk
izfroknh dzekad&1 dks fookfnr Hkwfe equkQs@fldeh ij rhu dkj.kksa ls nsuk
nf'kZr gksrk gS%&
1- oknh ,oa izfroknh dza- 1 ds e/; fj'rsnkjh gksus ds
dkj.k ?kfu"V lEcU/k gksuk ;
2- oknh ekufld :i ls dkQh le; ls vLoLFk gksuk;
3- oknh ds ifjokj esa dksbZ o;Ld lnL; mDr Hkwfe
dh ns[kjs[k djus vkSj dkLr djus okyk ugha gksus
gksuk ;
44- tgka rd oknh ,oa izfroknh dzekad&1 ds e/;
fj'rsnkjh@?kfu"B lEcU/k gksus dk iz'u gS \ oknh ds okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa
esa gh izfroknh dzekad&1 oknh dk fudV lEcU/kh gksuk] izfroknh dzekad&1 dh
cgu dk fookg oknh ds cMs HkkbZ ds lkFk gksuk ,oa oknh ,oa izfroknh dzekad
&1 ds e/; fj'rsnkjh gksus ds dkj.k ?kfu"B lEcU/k jguk of.kZr gSA vr% oknh
ds okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa ,oa oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku] rktcj
lqYrku] ,oa izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku ds dFkuksa ls oknh ,oa izfronh
dzekad &1 fudV lEca/kh gksuk vksj muds ?kfu"B lEcU/k gksuk izekf.kr gSA
45- tgka rd vihykFkhZ@oknh dk vLoLFk gksuk@ekufld :i ls
vLoLFk gksus dk iz'u gS\ oknh us okn i= ds iSjk&3 ,oa 5 esa Lo;a dks
ekufld :i ls vLoLFk gksuk@yxkrkj chekj gksus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA oknh
lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds eq[; ijh{k.k ds iSjk&4 esa og ekufld :i ls
ihfM+r gksus dk mYys[k gSA blh lk{kh us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk 19 esa dFku
fd;k gS fd mldk bykt py jgk gS] mldh rch;r Bhd gS ysfdu mldk
bykt py jgk gS A blh lk{kh us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&27 esa dFku fd;k gS fd
;g dguk lgh gS fd og chekj jgrk gS vkSj yxHkx 20&25 lky ls chekj
gSA ekg]lu vkSj rkjh[k ugha crk ldrk gS fd fdl rkjh[k lu ls og chekj
gSA iSjk &35 esa blh lk{kh us dFku fd;k gS fd izdj.k esa mlus viuh chekjh
ds ipsZ fdl lu ls is'k fd;k gS] mls ;kn ugha gSA ;g lgh gS fd iz-ih-&6
ij mldk uke o gLrk{kj ugha gSA ;g lgh gS fd mlus nokbZ;ksa ds fcy is'k
ugha fd;s gSA
46- oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku] tks fd oknh dh ifRu gS]dk eq[;
ijh{k.k esa iSjk&2 esa dFku gS fd mlds ifr dkQh le; ls chekj gSA
izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &9 esa blh lk{kh dk dFku gS fd mlds ifr tehu ds
dkj.k Vsalu esa jgrs FksA ftlls mudh nhekxh gkyr Bhd ugha jgrh FkhA ;g
dguk xyr gS fd tc mlds ifr c;ku nsus vk;s Fks rc chekj ugha gq;s FksA
;g dguk xyr gS fd mlds ifr dHkh Hkh chekj ugha Fks vkSj vkt Hkh chekj
ugha gSA ;g dguk xyr gS dh og ifr dh chekjh ds lEcU/k esa vkt cukoVh
ckrs dg jgh gSA Lor% dgk fd vc Hkh chekj gS vkSj dqN dk dqN cksyus
yxrs gSA oknh lk{kh tQj [kku dk eq[; ijh{k.k esa dFku gS fd oknh glhc
eksgEen chekj gksus ds dkj.k equkQs ij Qly ns nh FkhA
47- vr% Loa; oknh lk{khx.k ds dFkuksa ls ;g izekf.kr ugha gS fd
vihykFkhZ@oknh fdlh xaHkhj ekufld chekjh@vU; fdlh xaHkhj chekjh ls
yxkrkj ihfM+r jgk gS D;ksafd oknh lk{khx.k ds dFku lkekU; izd`fr ds gSA
oknh us okn i= esa@ Lo;a oknh lk{khx.k us vius dFkuksa esas oknh dh chekjh
dk uke ,oa mldh izd`fr@foLrkj ds ckjs essa fofufnZ"V :i ls mYys[k ugha
fd;k gSA blds vykok Lo;a oknh glhc eksgEen [kku ds dFkuksa esa fojks/kkHkkl
gSA ,d vksj oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku us ;g dFku fd;k gS fd og
Bhd gS vkSj nwljh vksj bykt gksuk Hkh crk;k gSA
48- vihykFkhZ@oknh dh chekjh ds lEcU/k esa oknh dh vksj ls iz-ih-
&6 ls iz-ih- 20 rd ds nLrkost izLrqr fd;s gSA iz-ih- 6 ls 10 rd ds
nLrkost o"kZ 1993 ds rFkk iz-ih- 11 ,oa 12 ds nLrkost o"kZ 1994 ds ,oa iz-ih-
13 ls 20 rd ds nLrkost o"kZ 2004 ds gSA mijksDr fpfdRlh; nLrkostksa ls
oknh dk ekufld :i ls vLoLFk gksuk@;k fdlh xaHkhj chekjh ls ihfM+r gksuk
nf'kZr ugha gSA blds vykok oknh us Lo;a vLoLFk gksus @ekufld :i ls
chekjh ds dkj.k 1986 esa izfroknh dzekad&1 dks fookfnr Hkwfe fldeh@equkQs
ij nsuk crk;k gSA ysfdu oknh dh vksj ls lu 86 ds iwoZ@1986 ls 1993 ds
chp dh ekufld vLoLFkrk@chekjh ds bykt ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ Hkh nLrkost
izLrqr ugha fd;s gS vkSj mudh vizLrqfr dk dksbZ dkj.k Hkh ugha crk;k gSA
vr% ,sls fdUgh nLrkostksa dh vizLrqfr ls vihykFkhZ@oknh ds fo:) ;g
izfrdwy fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd og yxkrkj ekufld :i ls@vU;Fkk chekj
ugha Fkk] blhfy;s mlds }kjk ,sls dksbZ nLrkost izdj.k esa izLrqr ugha fd;s
x;s gSA
49- vU;Fkk Hkh iz-ih- 6 ls iz-ih- 20 rd ds nLrkostks ls oknh
yxkrkj ;k vU;Fkk fdlh xaHkhj chekjh ls xzLr gksuk@jguk ;k ekufld
:i ls chekj gksuk izekf.kr ugha gSA
50- blds vykok izdj.k ds voyksdu ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd
orZeku nkok vihykFkhZ@oknh us Lo;a izLrqr fd;k gS] viuh ifRu ;k cPpksa ds
ek/;e ls ;k eq[kR;kjvke@eq[kR;kj[kkl ds ek/;e ls izLrqr ugha fd;k gSA
U;k;ky; esa Hkh vihykFkhZ@oknh us Lo;a vius dFku djk;s gSA vr% mijksDr
ls Hkh ;gh nf'kZr gksrk gS fd oknh chekj ugha gSA
51- vr% la{ksi esas fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ds vk/kkj
ij U;k;ky; dk er gS fd izdj.k esas vfHkys[k ij dh lk{; ls
vihykFkhZ@oknh o"kZ 1986 ds iwoZ ls yxkrkj fdlh chekjh@ekufld chekjh ls
xzflr gksuk@ fdlh xaHkhj chekjh ls ihfM+r gksuk izekf.kr ugha gSA vr%
vihykFkhZ@oknh fdlh chekjh ls xzflr gksus ds dkj.k viuh d`f"k Hkwfe dh
ns[kjs[k djus esa vleFkZ gksuk izekf.kr ugh gSA
52- tgka rd oknh ds ifjokj esa d`f"k Hkwfe dh ns[kjs[k gsrq vU;
dksbZ o;Ld lnL; ugha gksus dk iz'u gS A oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku dk
eq[; ijh{k.k esa dFku gS fd mlds ifjokj esa tehu dh ns[kjs[k djus okyk
dksbZ iq:"k lnL; ugha FkkA blh lk{kh us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&18 esa dFku
fd;k gS fd og viuh okfynk dh tehu dh O;oLFkk Lo;a djrk FkkA cM+s HkkbZ
viuh viuh tehu dh O;oLFkk djrs FksA mlus vius yMds dh ''kknh ikap
&N% lky igys dh Fkh A bl izdkj oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds dFku
ls ;g Li"V gS fd og viuh okfynk dh tehu dh O;oLFkk Lo;a djrk FkkA
lk{kh us ;g Li"V ugha fd;k gS fd ;fn og ekufld :i ls chekj@fdlh
vU; chekjh ds dkj.k og Lo;a dh Hkwfe dh ns[k js[k djus esa vleFkZ Fkk] rks
Lo;a viuh okfynk dh tehu dh O;oLFkk D;ksa vkSj dSls djrk FkkA
53- oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku ds vuqlkj mlds 'kkSgj pkj HkkbZ
FksA igys mlds 'kkSgj vius HkkbZ;ksa ds lkFk jgrs FksA vc vyx& vyx jgrs
gSA og 'kknh gksdj uwjxat xbZ FkhA mlds ckn 10&11 lky ls Hkksiky esa jg
jgh gSA tc og vius xkao esa Fkh rc og viuh tehu dh ns[kjs[k [kqn djrh
FkhA izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku ds vuqlkj ;g lgh gS fd glhc
eksgEen oknh ds vykok vU; rhu HkkbZ Hkh gSA
54- vr% oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&18 ,oa
mldh ifRu oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &9 esa ds dFkuksa
ds n`f"Vxr ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd oknh Lo;a tehu dh ns[k js[k djus
esa vleFkZ Fkk vkSj mlds ifjokj esa ns[kjs[k djus okyk vU; dksbZ lnL; ugha
Fkk] blfy;s fookfnr Hkwfe fldeh@equkQs ij nsuk vko';d gqvk FkkA
55- vr% fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ds vk/kkj ij
U;k;ky; dk er gS fd izdj.k esa vihykFkhZ@oknh us] ftu dkj.kksa ls fookfnr
Hkwfe izR;FkhZ@izfroknh dzekad &1 uQhl mj jgeku dks fldeh@equkQs ij
nsuk crk;k gS] og izekf.kr ugha gSA
56- tgka rd oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknh dzekad &1 dks
fldeh @equkQs ij nsus vkSj ml dkj.k ls izfroknh dzekad &1 dks fookfnr
Hkwfe dCts esa nsus@izfroknh dza-&1 dkfct gksus dk iz'u gS\ ;g lgh gS fd
izfroknh dzekad &1 uQhl mj jgeku us iz-ih-&4 ds bdjkjukek ij vius
gLrk{kj gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA mDr vk/kkj ij vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B
fo}ku vf/koDrk dk rdZ gS fd mijksDr ls izfroknh dzekad&1 }kjk oknh ls
fookfnr Hkwfe dk dCtk fldeh@equkQs ij izkIr djuk izekf.kr gSA
57- mDr lEcU/k esa iz-ih- 4 ,oa iz-ih- 5 dk bdjkjukek ,oa
vfHkys[k ij miyC/k ekSf[kd lk{; egRoiw.kZ gSA iz-ih-&4 dk bdjkjukek
fnukad 20-06-86 dk gS vkSj mlesa izfroknh dzekad &1 dks fldeh @equkQs ij
nh xbZ Hkwfe ds losZ uEcj ,oa jdok dk mYys[k ugha gSA blds vykok iz-ih-&4
esa] tehu mlds] mldh eka ,oa HkkbZ;ksa ds uke dh gS] tks mlds dCts esa gSa]
vkSj mldks og ------lky ls twr jgk gS vkSj ml ij mldk vf/kdkj gS]
fldeh ij fn;s tkus dk mYys[k gSA iz-ih- &4 ds bdjkjukek ds i`"B Hkkx ij
uhps] tks ys[k vafdr gS] mlds vuqlkj fnukad 21-06-86 dks oknh glhc
eksgEen [kku dh eka dh ejth ugha gksus ls losZ ua- 245@1 dh nl ,dM
tehu iz-ih-&4 ds bdjkjukek ls i`Fkd dj nh xbZ gSA
58- vr% iz-ih-&4 ls ,slk nf'kZr gksrk gS fd mlds }kjk oknh us
viuh] viuh eka vkSj vius HkkbZ;ksa dh tehu fldeh@equkQs ij nh FkhA oknh
lk{kh glhc eksgEen ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &18 esa ds dFku ls nf'kZr gksrk gS
fd mlds cMs HkkbZ viuh tehu dh O;oLFkk Lo;a djrs FksA oknh us vius
HkkbZ;ksa ds dFku U;k;ky; esa ugha djk;s gS] ftlls nf'kZr gksrk fd mUgkssus Hkh
viuh tehu izn'kZ ih&4 }kjk izfroknh dza- 1 dks fldeh@equkQs ij nh Fkh ;k
mudh lgefr ls oknh us iz-ih-&4 ds }kjk nh FkhA
59- iz-ih-&5 ds bdjkjukek ij izfroknh dzekad &1 ;k xokgksa ds
gLrk{kj ugha gSA iz-ih-&5 dk nLrkost fnukad 25-06-90 dks rS;kj fd;k tkuk
vkSj mlds }kjk glhc eksgEen }kjk uQhl mj jgeku dks 21-35 ,dM tehu]
fLFkr xzke dqeMh fcBkSjh] dks equkQs ij fn;s tkus dk mYys[k gS tcfd
orZeku ekeys esa fookfnr Hkwfe 44-35 ,dM gSA iz-ih-&5 ds }kjk 44-35 ,dM
tehu izfroknh dzekad&1 dks equkQs ij fn;s tkus dk mYys[k ugha gSA izn'kZ
ih&5 esa dksbZ losZ uEcj Hkh mYys[k ugha gSA
60- vr% iz-ih-&4 ,oa 5 ds mijksDr nLrkostksa ls losZ uEcj
245@2 jdok 36-35 ,dM ,oa [kljk ua- 246 jdok 8 ,dM izfroknh dzekad
&1 dks fldeh@equkQs ij fn;k tkuk nf'[email protected] ugha gSA
61- oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds vuqlkj tc tehu lcls
igys 1986 esa izfroknh dzekad &1 dks equkQs ij nh rks bl lEcU/k esa izfroknh
dzekad &1 ds }kjk bdjkjukek fy[kk x;k FkkA mlds ckn o"kZ 1990 esa
izfroknh dzekad &1 dks tehu equkQs ij nsus ds lEcU/k esa fy[kk i<h dj
vius gLrk{kj fd;k FkkA blh lk{kh dk izfrijh{k.k es dFku gS fd vkt ls
ikap lky igy mlus tehu uQhl fea;k dks dksyh ij nh Fkh rks dksbZ fy[kk
i<h ugha dh Fkh] D;ksafd og mldk fjLrsnkj FkkA tehu dksyh ij Hkksiky esa
nh FkhA ml le; dksbZ ekStwn ugha FkkA ;g lgh gS fd tehu dksyh ij nsus
dk flyflyk 'kq: fd;k Fkk rc ls uQhl fe;k dks gh dksyh ij tehu nh
gSA etgj fea;k dksyh ij tehu ysus ds fy;s vk;s Fks ysfdu mUgsa tehu
dksyh ij nsus ls euk dj fn;k Fkk D;ksafd uQhl fea;k dks dksyh ij igys ls
nh FkhA uQhl fea;k igyh ckj tc dksyh ij tehu nh Fkh ml le; fy[kk
i<h gqbZ Fkh mlds ckn fy[kk i<h ugha gqbZ Fkh D;ksafd t:jr ugha iM+h FkhA
62- bl izdkj Loa; oknh us izkjEHk esa fcuk fy[kk i<+h ds tehu
izfroknh dzekad &1 dks dksyh ij nsuk rFkk lky 1986 esa iz-ih- 4 dh fy[kk
i<+h ds vykok vU; dksbZ fy[kk i<h gksus ls badkj fd;k gS vkSj mlds ckn Hkh
iz-ih- &5 dk nLrkost oknh us izLrqr fd;k gSA bldk dksbZ Li"Vhdj.k
vfHkys[k ij ugha gSA izn'kZ ih- 5 ij izfroknh dzekad &1 o lk{khx.k ds
gLrk{kj u gksus dk Hkh dksbZ Li"Vhdj.k vfHkys[k ij ugha gSA
63- oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku ds vuqlkj tc uQhl fea;k dks
igyh ckj tehu mlds ifr o mlls 'ks"k tehu fy;s Fks rc mldh fy[kk
i<h gqbZ FkhA blh lk{kh us izfrijh{k.k esa dFku fd;k gS fd gj lky tehu
nsus dh fy[kk i<h ughs gksrh FkhA fy[kki<h nks ckj gqbZ FkhA ,d ckj 86 esa
vkSj ,d ckn 90 esa gqbZ FkhA ;g dguk xyr gS fd iz-ih-&4 dh fy[kk i<h
mlds ifr vkSj eka rFkk HkkbZ;ksa ds uke dh tehu dh FkhA bl izdkj o"kZ
1990 dh fy[kk i<h ds lEcU/k esa oknh ,oa mldh ifRu ds dFkuksa esa
fojks/kkHkkl gSA blds vykok oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku us eq[; ijh{k.k ds
iSjk &4 esa iz-ih-&4 ds bdjkjukek ij vius gLrk{kj gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gS
vkSj iz-ih-&4 ds nLrkost esa oknh }kjk viuh] viuh eka ,oa HkkbZ;ksa dh tehu
fldeh @equkQs ij fn;k tkuk of.kZr gSA
64- vr% fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ls ;g Li"V gS fd
iz-ih-&4 ,oa iz-ih-&5 ds nLrkost esa losZ uEcj ,oa jdok dk mYys[k ugha gSA
iz-ih- 4 esa of.kZr Hkwfe dk oknh ,d ek= Lokeh gksuk o equkQs@fldeh ij nsus
dk vf/kdkjh gksuk izekf.kr ugha gSA iz-ih-&4 ds nLrkost esa oknh }kjk vius
HkkbZ;ksa@okfynk dh Hkwfe dks Hkh\ equkQs @fldeh ij fn;k tkuk of.kZr gS
tcfd oknh dk ,slk ekeyk ugha gS vkSj u oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEEn []kku o
mldh iRuh rktoj lqYrku dk ,slk dFku gS fd oknh us izn'kZ ih&4 }kjk
vius HkkbZ;ksa@eka dh Hkh tehu izfroknh daz&1 dks fldeh@equkQs ij nh FkhA
iz-ih- 5 esa lEiw.kZ fookfnr Hkwfe dk jdok of.kZr ugh gSA izn'kZ ih&5 esa dksbZ
losZ uEcj ugha gSA iz-ih- 5 ij izfroknh dza- 1 o lk{kh ds gLrk{kj ugha gSA
vr% la{ksi esa iz-ih-&4 ,oa iz-ih-&5 ds nLrkostksa }kjk oknh }kjk fookfnr
Hkwfe;ksa dks izfroknh dzekad &1 dks equkQs ij @fldeh ij 1986@1990 esa
fn;k tkuk izekf.kr ugha gSA
65- blds vykok ;g Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd izfroknh uQhl mj
jgeku fookfnr Hkwfe ij dc ls [ksrh dj jgk gS vkSj D;k mls fookfnr Hkwfe
loZizFke 1986 esas iz-ih-&4 ds }kjk fldeh @equkQs ij nh xbZ gSA mDr
lEcU/k esa oknh dh ifRu oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku dk izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&9
esa dk dFku egRoiw.kZ gSA oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku dk iSjk&9 esa dFku gS
fd lu 82 esa mlds ifr dh rch;r [kjkc gksus ls uQhl fea;k [ksrh dh
ns[kHkky djrs jgsA tc og xkao esa jgrh Fkh rks [ksrh dh ns[kjs[k djrh FkhA
oknh lk{kh tQj [kku dk iSjk &5 esa dFku gS fd o"kZ 95&96 essa glhc fea;k
us viuh tehu ulhQ fea;k dks dksyh ij nh FkhA blds igys Hkh uQhl fe;k
dks tehu dksyh cVkbZ ij nsrs FksA bl lk{kh us izfrijh{k.k esa ;g Li"V ugha
fd;k gS fd loZizFke izfroknh dzekad &1 dks fldeh@equkQs ij tehu dc
nh Fkh A
66- vr% la{ksi easa fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esas dh foospuk ds vk/kkj
ij U;k;ky; dk er gS fd izdj.k esa vfHkys[k ij dh lk{; ls
vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk iz-ih-&4 ,oa iz-ih-&5 ds nLrkostksa }kjk izfroknh dzekad
&1 dks orZeku ekeys esa fookfnr Hkwfe fldeh@equkQs ij 1986 esa nsuk vkSj
mlh le; izfroknh dzekad &1 }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe dk dCtk izkIr djuk
izekf.kr ugha gS vkSj izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izn'kZ ih&4 ij
izfroknh dza- 1 }kjk vius gLrk{kj Lohdkj djus ek= ls mijksDr dks izekf.kr
ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA
67- tgka rd fgck@ iz-Mh-&2 ds fgck nLrkost ¼;knnLr okLrs
tqckuh fgck 1-05-89½ dh oS/krk dk iz'u gS\ vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk izLrqr okn
i= esa ds vfHkopuksa ,oa oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ] rktoj lqYrku dh
ekSf[kd lk{;] izfroknh lk{khx.k dks izfrijh{k.k esa fn;s x;s lq>koksa ,oa oknh
ds rdksZ ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd vihykFkhZ@oknh dk ekeyk ;g gS fd oknh us
fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknh x.k dks fgck ugha dh vkSj iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost
fu"ikfnr ugha fd;k rFkk iz-Mh&2 ds nLrkost ij oknh ds gLrk{kj ugha gSA
68- izfroknh uQhl mj jgeku ,oa vCnqy dkfnj rFkk izfroknh
lk{kh ckyk izlkn]pUnw fea;k] rkfjd ijost ds dFkuksa ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd
mUgksaus oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck izfroknhx.k ds fgr esa djus @dCtk
[email protected] }kjk fgck dcwy djus @izn'kZ Mh&2 dk nLrkost fu"ikfnr
djus ds dFku fd;s gSA izfroknh lk{kh ckyk izlkn ,ola pUnw fea;k ds ;g Hkh
dFku gS fd fgck ds le; oknh dh iRuh rktoj lqYrku Hkh mifLFkr FkhA
mDr fcUnq ij izfroknhx.k dh lk{; izfroknhx.k ds fyf[kr dFku esa ds
vfHkopuksa ds vuq:i gSA mDr izfroknh lk{khx.k ds dFkuksa ls nf'kZr gksrk gS
fd vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls muls foLr`r ftjg dh xbZ gS ysfdu mijksDr
lEcU/k esa og izfrijh{k.k dh dlkSVh ij iwjs mrjs gS vkSj mudh ifjlk{; esa
,sls dksbZ rF; ugha vk;s gS fd tks mijksDr lEcU/k esa mudh ifjlk{; dks
langs kLin @vfo'oluh; cuk;sA vr% la{ksi esa mDr lEcU/k esa izfroknh
lk{khx.k iw.kZr% fo'oluh; lk{kh gSA
69- vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck izfroknh x.k ds
i{k esa djus@ fgck ds lEcU/k esa izn'kZ Mh&2 dk nLrkost oknh }kjk
fu"ikfnr fd;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa izfroknhx.k ds fyf[kr dFku ds iSjk&4 esa
ds vfHkopu egRoiw.kZ gS ftlesa ;g mYys[k gS fd Lo;a oknh us ;knnkLr
okLrs tckuh fgck fnukad 01-05-89 dks fy[kdj o gLrk{kj dj rFkk lk{khx.k
ds gLrk{kj djkdj rRdkyhu uk;c rglhynkj vkscsnqYykxat dks lkSai dj
izfroknhx.k dk ukekUrj.k djus gsrq izLrqr fd;kA izfroknhx.k dh vksj ls
mDr lEcU/k esa rRdkyhu uk;c rglhynkj vkcsnqYykxat Jh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs
dk dFku izfroknh lk{kh dzekad &4 ds :i esa djk;k x;k gS tks fuEukuqlkj
gS %&
eq[; ijh{k.k }kjk Jh lqgsy fln~nhdh vf/koDrk okLrs izfroknh
"1- eSa vkscsnqYykxat esa uk;c rglhynkj ds in ij o"kZ 88
ls o"kZ 95 rd inLFk jgk FkkA eSa oknh ,oa izfroknh dks tkurk
igpkurk gwaA D;ksafd ;s mlh {kS= ds d`"kd FksA oknh ,oa
izfroknh esjs dk;kZy; esa vkrs&tkrs FksA nkgksn xzke esjs dk;Z
{kS= lfdZy ds vUrxZr vkrk gS A xzkeksa esa dSEi ykxkdj
leL;kvkas dk fujkdj.k ekSds ij fd;k tkrk Fkk] bl gsrq xzke
nkgksn esa fnukad 28-06-89 dks dSEi vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA
vfookfnr ukekUrj.k ] caVokjs vkfn ds izdj.kksa dk fujkdj.k
ekSds ij gh fd;s tkus ds funsZ'k 'kklu }kjk fn;s x;s gSA
2- fnukad 28-06-89 dks xzke nkgksn esas tks dSEi vk;ksftr
fd;k x;k Fkk] mlesa gchc eksgEen }kjk ;knnk'r okLrs tckuh
fgckukek izLrqr dj ftu O;fDr;ksa ds i{k esa fgckukek fd;k
x;k Fkk] muds uke ukekUrj.k djus gsrq izLrqr fd;k Fkk] tks
esjs }kjk iz-Mh-&02 ij izLrqrdrkZ dk uke ,oa esjs gLrk{kj ,oa
rkjh[k mlesa vafdr dh xbZ gS] tks ^^,Q^^ ls ^^ ,Q^^ LFkku ij
gSA
3- eSus iVokjh dks bLrgkj tkjh djus ds fy;s iath esa
ntZ djus ds funsZ'k fgckukes esa fn;s x;s Fks] tks fd iz-Mh-&02
esa ^^th^^ ls ^^th^^ LFkku ij esjs }kjk ys[k fd;k x;k funsZ'k
vafdr gSA eSus glhc eksgEen dks iz-Mh-&2 dk fgckukek i<dj
lquk;k Fkk vkSj muls iwNk Fkk fd tks vkius fgckukek izLrqr
fd;k gS] blds vk/kkj ij ukekUrj.k pkgrs gS] rks mUgksaus
Lohdkj fd;k FkkA eSus iz-Mh-&2 dk fgckukek iath dj ntZ
djus gsrq iVokjh dks ns fn;k FkkA
4- iz-Mh-&4 tks fd ukekUr.k iath dza-&19 gS] ij iVokjh
}kjk izfof"V ntZ dh xbZ Fkh] ftls esjs }kjk izekf.kr fd;k x;k
gS] iz-Mh-&4 ij , ls , LFkku ij esjs gLrk{kj gSA ,d ekg
i'pkr dksbZ vkifRr u vkus ij ukekUr.k iath dks izekf.kr
fd;k x;k FkkA
izfrijh{k.k }kjk Jh vcjkj vgen vf/koDrk okLrs oknh
5 eq>s e-iz- Hkw&jktLo lfgrk]1959 ds izko/kkuksa dh
tkudkjh gSA ;g ckr lgh gS fd e-iz- Hkw&jktLo lfgrk] 1959
dh /kkjk&109]110 ds rgr ftl O;fDr ds i{k esa LoRo vftZr
gksrs gS] mlds }kjk ukekUrj.k gsrq vkosnu fn;s tkrs gSA esjh
tkudkjh esa ugha gS fd izfroknh dzekad &1 ls 04 }kjk
olknxzLr Hkwfe ds ukekUrj.k gsrq dksbZ vkosnu fn;kx;k Fkk ;k
ugha A izfdz;k vuqlkj vkosnu fn;k x;k gksxkA iz-Mh-&2 dk
fgckukek eq>s iVokjh us ykdj ugha fn;k glhc eksgEen us
dSEi esa ykdj fn;k FkkA iz-Mh-&2 dk fgkcukek iVokjh dks ugha
fn;k] eq>s gh fn;k x;k ] eSus gh ekdZ djds iVokjh dks fn;k
FkkA
6- eSus iz-Mh-&4 dk ukekUrj.k fnukad 28-06-1989 ds
nLrkost iz-Mh-&2 ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gS A ;g ckr lgh gS fd
iz-Mh-&4 ds dkye ua-&2 esa lwpuk izkfIr dh fnukad 28-07-1989
ch ls ch Hkkx ij ntZ gSA Lor% dgk fd lwpuk fnukad 28-06-
89 dks izkIr gqbZ Fkh] mlds ,d ekg i'pkr fnukad 28-07-89
dks ntZ dj izekf.kr fd;kx;k gSA ;g dguk xyr gS fd esjs
gLrk{kj ds uhps iz-Mh&4 ds , ls ,s Hkkx ij fnukad 27-07-89
dh rkjh[k vafdr gS A ;g ckr lgh gS fd iz-Mh&4 esa bLrsgkj
layXu fd;s tkus dk dksbZ mYys[k ugha gSA Lor% dgk fd
iVokjh ds fjdkMZ esa jgrk gSA ;g ckr lgh gS fd esjs le{k
dksbZ nLrkost ;k vkosnu izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks ml ij tks
Vhi vafdr dh tkrh gS] mlds uhps inuke dh lhy yxkbZ
tkrh gSA Lor% dgk fd dSEiksa esa lhy yxkuk laHko ugha gksrk
gSA dSEiksa esa tc tkrs gS] rks inuke dh lhy vkfn ysdj tkrs
gSA eSus ckcw dks ekdZ dj fn;k FkkA vc ckcw us dSEi esa lhy
ugha yxkbZ gks rks eS dkj.k ugha crk ldrkA eSus iz-Mh-&2 ds
lkf{k;ksa ds dFku ugha fy;s FksA Lor% dgk fd muls iwNrkN
dh FkhA eSus izfroknh dza&1 ls 4 ds ;fn dFku fy;s gksxsa rks
iVokjh ds fjdkMZ esa gksxaAs
7- ;g ckr lgh gS fd iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost u rks ejs
lkeus fy[kk x;k vkSj u gh esjs lkeus VkbZi fd;k x;k vkSj u
gh esjs lkeus gLrk{kj fd;s x;s A glhc eksgEen dks i`Fkd ls
dksbZ lwpuk ugha Hksth xbZ Fkh] D;ksafd mUgksusa Lo;a mifLFkr
gksdj fgckukek izLrqr fd;k FkkA
8- ;g dguk xyr gS fd glhc eksgEen }kjk esjs le{k iz-
Mh&2 dk dksbZ nLrkost izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k A iz-Mh-&2 dk
nLrkost xzke nkgksn esa dkth lkgc ds ?kj ij dSEi yxk Fkk]
ogka ij izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dguk xyr gS fd iz-Mh-&2
ij izfroknhx.k ds dgus ij esus QthZ Vhi vafdr dh gSA ^^
70- bl izdkj izfroknh lk{kh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs ds eq[; ijh{k.k esa dss
dFku ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd og vihykFkhZ@oknh ,oa izfroknhx.k ls O;fDrxr
:i ls ifjfpr Fkk vkSj mlds le{k oknh fgckukek ¼;knnLr okLrs tqckuh
fgck 1-05-89½ izfroknh ds i{k esa ukekUrj.k gsrq izLrqr fd;k Fkk ftlds vk/kkj
ij mlus ukekUrj.k dh dk;Zokgh dh FkhA mDr izfroknh lk{kh ds izfrijh{k.k
ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd lk{kh dks izfrijh{k.k esa ,slk dksbZ lq>ko ugha fn;k x;k
gS fd ftlls ;g nf'kZr gks fd og vihykFkhZZ@oknh dks O;fDrxr :i ls ugha
tkurk FkkA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd izfroknh lk{kh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs rRle;
uk;c rglhynkj ds in ij inLFk gksdj 'kkldh; deZpkjh FkkA mldh
ifjlk{; esa] fo'ks"kdj izfrijh{k.k esa ,sls dksbZ rF; ugha vk;s gS fd ftlls ;g
nf'kZr gks fd og fo'oluh; lk{kh ugha gS] ;k vU;Fkk mldh lk{; lansgkLin
gksA mDr izfroknhoknh lk{kh dh oknh ls iwoZ dh dksbZ jaft'k vkfn gksuk rFkk
mDr lk{kh izfroknh ds ncko@izHkko esa gksuk izekf.kr ugh gSA vr% la{ksi esa
izfroknh lk{kh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs iw.kZr% fo'oluh; lk{kh gksuk izekf.kr gSA
71- mDr lk{kh izfroknh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs dh ifjlk{; ls
vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk iz-Mh&2 dk nLrkost ukekUrj.k gsrq lk{kh ds le{k Lo;a
izLrqr djuk] lk{kh }kjk mDr fgckukek oknh dks i<+dj lquk;k tkuk vkSj
mDr iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds vk/kkj ij izfroknh lk{kh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs }kjk
izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa ukekUr.k fd;k tkuk izekf.kr gSA izfroknh lk{kh ,l-lh-
fd'kksjs ds izfrijh{k.k esa ds dFku ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd mls izfrijh{k.k esa
,sls dksbZ fofufnZ"V lq>ko ugha fn;s x;s gS fd iz-Mh- &2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj
ugha gSA
72- ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd izfroknhx.k us fyf[kr dFku ds iSjk
&4 esa ;g Li"V :i ls ;g vfHkopu fd;k gS fd oknh us ;knnLr okLrs
tqckuh fgck 1-05-89 rRdkyhu uk;c rglhynkj ds le{k ukekUrj.k gsrq
Lo;a muds le{k mifLFkr gksdj izLrqr fd;k Fkk vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij
ukekUrj.k dh dk;Zokgh gqbZ FkhA oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds eq[;
ijh{k.k esa ds dFku ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd mlus vius eq[; ijh{k.k ds dFku esa
bl lEcU/k esa dksbZ fofufnZ"V :i ls mYys[k ugha fd;k gS fd mlus mDr
nLrkost Lo;a uk;c rglhynkj Jh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs ds le{k mifLFkr gksdj
izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa ukekUrj.k gsrq izLrqr ugha fd;k FkkA ;|fi lk{kh us
izfrijh{k.k esa bl ckr ls badkj fd;k gS fd mlus iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost Lo;a
uk;c rglhynkj le{k ukekUrj.k gsrq izLrqr fd;k FkkA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS
fd oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku dk ,slk dksbZ dFku ugha gS fd mldh
uk;c rglhynkj ,l-lh- fd'kksjs ls dksbZ jaft'k Fkh vFkok og izfroknhx.k ds
izHkko esa Fks] blfy;s mUgksaus ;g dFku fd;k gS fd oknh us mlds le{k iz-Mh-
&2 dk nLrkost Lo;a mifLFkr gksdj ukekUrj.k gsrq izLrqr fd;k FkkA
73- izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku us vius eq[; ijh{k.k esa
vius fyf[kr dFku esa ds vfHkopuksa dh iqf"V djrs gq;s mYys[k fd;k gS fd iz-
Mh-&2 dk nLrkost oknh glhc eksgEen [kku us Lo;a uk;c rglhynkj ,l-
lh- fd'kksjs ds le{k mifLFkr gksdj izfroknhx.k ds ukekUr.k gsrq izLrqr fd;k
FkkA izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku dk izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk 24 ,oa 25 esa
dFku gS fd%&
^^ 24- glhc eksgEen iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost Lo;a esjs ?kj ysdj
vk;s Fks]rc buds lkFk dksbZ ugha FkkA ml le; lqcg
ds 10&11 ct jgs gksxsaA ftl fnu glhc eksgEen iz-
Mh-&2 dk nLrkost esjs ?kj yk;s Fks] ml fnu dkSu lk
^^okj ^^ Fkk eq>s ;kn ugha gSA esjs ?kjij gh rglhynkj
lkgc dk dsEi yxk gqvk Fkk] glhc fe;k us ogha ij
dsEi esa iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost rglhynkj lkgc dks
fn;k FkkA
25- iz-Mh- &2 dk nLrkost glhc fe;k us nkgksn ds dsEi
esa rglhynkj dks fn;k Fkk] ;g eSus vius tokcnkos
vkSj vius ''kiFki= esa fy[kokrs le; ^^ xzke nkgksn
esa fn;k Fkk^^ ;g ckr fy[kk nh Fkh ij dsEi fy[kk gSA
glhc eksgEen us eq>s tehu dh Hkw&vf/kdkj _.k
iqfLrdk ugha nh FkhA eSus glhc eksgEen ls Hkw&vf/kdkj
_.k iqfLrdk ugha ekaxh] D;ksa fd esjk nkf[ky [kkfjt
gks x;k FkkA Lor% dgk fd esjs cgqr vPNs rkYyqdkr Fks
blfy;s t:jr ugha iM+h ;g dguk xyr gS fd iz-Mh-
&2 dknLrkost glhc eksgEen dks okfil dj fn;k
FkkA Lor% dgk fd rglhynkj us ckn esa eq>s okfil
fd;k FkkA eq>s ugha ekyqe fd thu ca/kd j[kh gksus ls
Hkw&vf/kdkj _.k iqfLrdk cSad vkQ bafM;k lhgksj esa
vkt Hkh tek gSA ;g lgh gS fd esjs tokcnkos esa vkSj
esjs 'kiFki= esa tckuh fgck tehu ij tkdj gqvk bl
ckcr ugha fy[kk gSA ,slk ugha gqvk fd iz-Mh-&2 dk
nLrkost glhc fe;k us vkscsnqYyk xatk ds dsEi esa fn;k
gksA ^^
74- izfroknh lk{kh ckyk izlkn dk eq[; ijh{k.k esa dFku gS fd
glhc eksgEen us fy[kk i<h dk nLrkost ukekUr.k gsrq fn;k FkkA blh lk{kh
dk izfrijh{k.k esa dFku gS fd iz-Mh-&2 dh fy[kki<h glhc us rglhynkj dks
nh Fkh] og fy[kk i<h fdlds ikl Fkh ugha ekyqe] rglhynkj us mlds lkeus
fy[kk i<h ij gLrk{kj fd;s Fks] lhy ugha yxk;h FkhA
75- vr% fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ds vk/kkj ij
U;k;ky; dk er gS fd izfroknh lk{kh ,l-lh- fd'kksjs iw.kZr% fo'oluh; lk{kh
gS vkSj mudh ifjlk{; ls iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost Lo;a oknh glhc eksgEen
}kjk izfroknhx.k ds ukekUr.k gsrq izfroknh lk{kh uk;c rglhynkj ,l-lh-
fd'kksjs ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tkuk vkSj uk;c rglhynkj ,l-lh-fd'kksjs }kjk
mlds vk/kkj ij izfroknhx.k dk ukekUr.k djuk izekf.kr gSA
76- ;g Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k jktLo U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh eas
fgck iz-Mh&2 dk nLrkost izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk ;k ughaA oknh lk{kh glhc
eksgEen [kku dk eq[; ijh{k.k ds iSjk &9 esa dFku gS fd jktLo U;k;ky; dh
dk;Zokgh esa izfroknh dzekad 1 ls 4 us dksbZ fgckukek is'k ugha fd;k A blh
lk{kh dk izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&23]24]25]27 ,oa 34 esa dFku gS fd mlus
fgckukek dh udy jk;lsu vkSj xkSgjxat nksuksa txgksa ls izkIr dh FkhA
xkSgjxat esa mlus rglhynkj ls fgckukek dh udy ekaxh FkhA rc rglhynkj
us mls fgckukek dh udy nh FkhA fgckukek dh udy izkIr gksus ds ckn
mlus odhy fd;k FkkA fgckukek ls mls ;g irk pyk fd tehu izfroknhx.k
ds uke ls gks xbZ gS fgck ukek fgUnh esa 100@& :i;s ds LVkEi ij fy[kk
gqvk FkkA og ugha crk ldrk fd ftl fgck ukek dh udy mlus
fudyok;h Fkh] og iz-Mh-&2 gS ;k ughaA
77- izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku dk izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&25 esa
dFku gS fd ;g dguk xyr gS fd iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost glhc eksgEen dks
okil dj fn;k FkkA Lor% dgk fd rglhynkj us ckn essa mls okil dj fn;k
FkkA
78- bl izdkj mijksDr lk{; ls ;g Li"V gS fd oknh us fgckukek
dh udy jk;lsu ,oa xkSgj xat nksuksa txg ls fudyok;h FkhA vr% ;g ugha
dgk tk ldrk gS fd fgck ukek jktLo dk;Zokgh esa izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k
FkkA bl izdkj oknh }kjk fgckukek dh udy jk;lsu vkSj xkSgjxat nksuksa
txg ls izkIr djuk izekf.kr gS ysfdu mlds }kjk mDr fgckukek dh udy
orZeku nkos ds lkFk izLrqr ugha dh xbZ gS vkSj mldh vizLrqfr dk dksbZ
dkj.k ugha crk;k gSA blds vykok oknh }kjk okn i= esa mlds }kjk fookfnr
Hkwfe izfroknhx.k dks fgck djuk@fgckukek fy[kus ls badkj djrs gq;s mls
QthZ ,oa dwVjfpr gksuk crk;k x;k gS ysfdu oknh us okni= ds vuqrks"k
[k.M esa fgck@fgckukek dh fujLrh dk dksbZ vuqrks"k ugha pkgk gSA
79- ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd okni= esa ds vfHkopuks ls Li"V gS
fd oknh dks izfroknh x.k ds i{k esas fgck@fgckukek ds vk/kj ij ukekUr.k
gksus dh tkudkjh 23-10-2002 dks gks pqdh Fkh vkSj fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa
dh foospuk ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd oknh us mldh udy Hkh xkSgjxat vkSj
jk;lsu ls izkIr dh FkhA bl izdkj oknh dks izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa QthZ fgck
gksus dh tkudkjh fnuakd 23-10-2022 ls gS vkSj orZeku nkok fnuakd 10-03-
2006 dks izLrqr fd;k gS vkSj mlesas Hkh mDr fgck dh fujLrh dk dksbZ vuqrks"k
Li"V :i ls ugha pkgk x;k gSA oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku dk
izfrijh{k.k esa dFku gS fd og uwjxat esa iqfyl dks fjiksVZ djus x;k Fkk rks
mUgksusa euk dj fn;k Fkk fd ;g rglhy dk dsl gS] iqfyl ds euk djus ds
ckn mlus ,l-ih- ls dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha dh] mlus Mkd ds tfj;s Hkh dksbZ
f'kdk;r ugha dh A oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&9 esa
dFku fd;k gS fd mls bl ckr dh dgha dksbZ fjiksVZ ugha dhA
80- bl izdkj vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk fnukad 23-10-2002 dks QthZ
fgck@izn'kZMh&2 dh tkudkjh gksus o mldh udy izkIr djus ds ckn Hkh
mlds ckn ls vkt rd izfroknhx.k }kjk QthZ fgck@iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost
QthZ rS;kj djus ds lEcU/k esa izfroknhx.k ds fo:) dgha Hkh@fdlh
U;k;ky; vkfn esa dksbZ nkafMd ifjokn@nkafMd dk;Zokgh fd;k tkuk nf'kZr
ugha gS vkSj bldk dksbZ Li"Vhdj.k Hkh vfHkys[k ij ugha gSA
81- tgka rd iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ¼;knnLr okLrs tqckuh fgck 1-
05-89½ ij vihykFkhZ@oknh ds gLrk{kj dk iz'u gS\ vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk
izLrqr okn i= esa ds vfHkopuksa ,oa oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds dFku
ls ;g Li"V gS fd iz-Mh-&2 ij mlus vius gLrk{kj gksus ls badkj fd;k gSA
mDr lEcU/k esa vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds izeq[kr% nks rdZ
gSA izFke ;g fd] pwafd oknh us iz-Mh-&2 ij vius gLrk{kj gksus ls badkj fd;k
gS] blfy;s izfroknh dks iz-Mh-&2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK dh
ifjlk{; ls lkfcr djuk vko';d Fkk ,oa f}rh; ;g fd U;k;ky; us Lo;a iz-
Mh-&2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj dk feyku dj fu"d"kZ fudkyus esas =qfV dh gSA
82- tgka rd vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B vf/koDrk ds mijksDr
izFke rdZ dk iz'u gS\ izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku ] ckyk izlkn ,oa
rkfjd ijost ds dFkuksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd mUgksuas iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ij
oknh }kjk muds le{k gLrk{kj djuk crk;k gSA iz-Mh-&2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj
gksus ds lEcU/k esa oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&26
,la 27 egRoiw.kZ gSA oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEEn [kku dk iSjk&26 ,oa 27 esa
dFku fuEukuqlkj gS %&
^^26- eSa d{kk ikapoh rd i<k gwa vkSj mnqZ esa gLrk{kj djrk
gwaA iz-ih04 ij , ls , Hkkx ij esjs gLrk{kj gSA esjs
odkyr ukek iz-Mh-&1 ds , ls , Hkkx ij esjs gLrk{kj
gSA esjs }kjk izLrqr okni= ds izR;sd i`"B ij esjs
gLrk{kj gS ,oa ''kiFki= ij Hkh esjs gLrk{kj gSA iz-Mh-
&2 fgckukek ij , ls , Hkkx ij mlds gLrk{kj ugha
gS ,oa iz-Mh-&2 ij ch ls ch Hkkx ij Hkh esjs gLrk{kj
ugha gSA okn i= dh dkcZuizfr ds izR;sd i`"B ,oa 'kiFk
i= ij Hkh esjs gLrk{kj gSA esjs }kjk izLrqr ''kiFki=
vkns'k 18 fu;e 4 ds vafre i`"B ij iz-Mh-&3 ij , ls
, Hkkx ij esjs gLrk{kj ugha gSA
27- -------------------- iz-Mh- 2 ds , ls , LFkku ij esjs gLrk{kj
ugha gSA cSad esa esjs gLrfk{kj tSls gksrs gS osSls gh eSus
gLrk{kj okni= ij fd;s gSA eS vius gLrk{kj ds uhps
uqdrk ugha yxkrk gwaA iz-Mh-&2 ij , ls , Hkkx ij
fy[kk i<h vk xbZ gS blfy;s eSA uqdrk utj ugha vk
jgk gSA iz-Mh-&2 ij , ls , Hkkx ij tgka ^^gLrk{kj
fgckdrkZ^^ fy[kk gS ogka ij esjs gLrk{kj ugha gSA ;g
dguk xyr gS fd iz-Mh-&2 ds , ls , ,o ach ls ch ds
gLrk{kj gksuk blfy;s euk fd;k gS fd og ysehus'ku
ds vUnj gSA lk{kh us lor% dgk fd esjs gLrk{kj gh
ugha gSA ;g dguk lgh gS fd nkos ij izR;sd i`"B Hkkx
ij esjs gLrk{kj gS ysfdu ;g dguk xyr gS fd iz-Mh-
&2 ij , ls , ,o ach ls ch Hkkx ij esjs gLrk{kj gSA
---------------------------^^
83- bl izdkj vihykFkhZ@oknh glhc eksgEen [kku us iz-ih-&4
¼bdjkjukek½] iz-Mh-1 ¼odkyrukek½] okn i= ,oa mlds lkFk izLrqr 'kiFk i=
ij vius gLrk{kj gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gS ysfdu iz-Mh-&2 ¼;knnLr okLrs
tqckuh fgck 1-05-89½ rFkk mlds }kjk vkns'k 18 fu;e 4 fl-iz-l- ds vUrxZr
izLrqr 'kiFk i= ds vafre i`"B ] iz-Mh-&3ds , ls , Hkkx ij vius gLrk{kj
gksus ls badkj fd;k gSA
84- bl izdkj vihykFkhZ@oknh us iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds lkFk
lkFk vius eq[; ijh{k.k ds 'kiFk i= iz-Mh-&3 ij Hkh vius gLrk{kj gksus ls
badkj fd;k gSA oknh glhc eksgEen [kku ds mDr dFku o vkpj.k rFkk
izn'kZ Mh 2 ij lk{kh ds gLrk{kj gksus ds lEcU/k esa lk{kh dh fo'oluh;rk ds
lEcU/k esa gjpj.k flag fo- Jherh rqjtkckbZ o vU; ¼1994 ts -,y-ts- 197½ ds
iSjk &6 ds fuEu izs{k.k izklafxd ,oa lqlaxr gS %&
"6. So far as the factual plea sought to be raised by
the appellant is concerned, the learned Member of the
Claims Tribunal has come to a correct conclusion
that the appellant is a blatant lier. His oral version
was rightly rejected by the Claims Tribunal when he
said that he had nothing to do with the truck involved
in the accident. The learned Member rightly took note
of the fact that soon after the accident, as deposed by
the Head Constable Shivnandan (A.W.4), it was the
appellant who was present at the time of Panchnama
at the scene of the accident and had engaged
labourers to carry the truck which had turned turtle in
the accident. When a legal notice was sent to him by
the claimants, through their lawyer at Balaghat, he
got drafted a reply through his counsel at Nagpur and
denied his liability towards compensation, but
accepted the ownership of the truck. He-was brazenly
dishonest and blatantly false when he went to the
extent of denying his signature on the yakalatnama
filed in the case on his behalf, by the counsel engaged
for him. On the state of above evidence, the learned
Member of the Claims Tribuanl rightly came to a
conclusion that the truck in question, on the date of
accident, was in ownership and possession of the
present appellant and he cannot be absolved of the
liability for payment of compensation to the
claimants."
85- U;k; n``"VkUr gjpj.k flag ¼iwoksZDr½ esa ds mDr izs{k.k orZeku
izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ks esa iw.kZr% ykxw gksrs gSA vr% U;k;ky; dk er
gS fd oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku bl lEcU/k esa] fd izn'kZ Mh&2 ij
mlds gLrk{kj ugha gS] fo'oluh; lk{kh ugha gS vkSj og mDr fcUnq ij
U;k;ky; esa tkucw>dj vlR; dFku dj jgk gSA
86- tgka rd vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B vf/koDrk ds mijksDr
f}rh; rdZ ¼fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk Lo;a gLrk{kj dk feyku djus½dk iz'u
gS\ mDr lEcU/k esa fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k U;k;ky; gLrfyfi@gLrk{kj dk
Lo;a feyku@rqyuk dj fu"d"kZ fudkyus gsrq l{ke gS ;k ugha \ mDr
lEcU/k fof/kd fLFkfr ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk U;k; n`"VkUr vt;
dqekj ijekj ¼iwoksZDr½,oa Vh- fiYYkbZ ¼iwoksZDr½ esa Li"V :i ls vfHkfu/kkZfjr
dh xbZ gSA vt; dqekj ¼iwoksZDr½ ds ekeys esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk
fuEukuqlkj fof/kd fLFkfr vfHkfu/kkZfjr dh x;h gS%&
"23. The original record reveals that the prosecutrix
had lodged the FIR herself and the same bears her
signature. She was medically examined the next day,
and the medical report also bears her signature. We
have compared the aforementioned signatures with
the signatures appearing upon the application filed
before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Sirohi, for
recording her statement under Section 164 CrPC, as
also with, the signature on the statement alleged to
have been made by her under Section 164 CrPC, and
after examining the same, prima facie we are of the
view that they have not been made by the same
person, as the two sets of signatures do not tally,
rather there is an apparent dissimilarity between
them.
24. Evidence of identity of handwriting has been dealt
with by three sections of the Evidence Act, 1872
(hereinafter referred to as "the Evidence Act") i.e.
Sections 45, 47 and 73. Section 73 of the said Act
provides for a comparison made by the court with a
writing sample given in its presence, or admitted, or
proved to be the writing of the person concerned.
(Vide Ram Chandra v. State of U.P. [AIR 1957 SC
381] , Ishwari Prasad Misra v. Mohd. Isa [AIR 1963
SC 1728] , Shashi Kumar Banerjee v. Subodh
Kumar Banerjee [AIR 1964 SC 529] , Fakhruddin v.
State of M.P. [AIR 1967 SC 1326 and State of
Maharashtra v. Sukhdev Singh [(1992) 3 SCC 700.)
25. In Murari Lal v. State of M.P. [(1979) 3 SCC 612,
this Court, while dealing with the said issue, held that,
in case there is no expert opinion to assist the court in
respect of handwriting available, the court should
seek guidance from some authoritative textbook and
the court's own experience and knowledge, however
even in the absence of the same, it should discharge
its duty with or without expert, with or without any
other evidence.
26. In A. Neelalohithadasan Nadar v. George
Mascrene [1994 Supp (2) SCC 619], this Court
considered a case involving an election dispute
regarding whether certain voters had voted more than
once. The comparison of their signatures on the
counterfoil of the electoral rolls with their admitted
signatures was in issue. This Court held that in
election matters when there is a need of expeditious
disposal of the case, the court takes upon itself the
task of comparing the signatures, and thus it may not
be necessary to send the said signatures for
comparison to a handwriting expert. While taking
such a decision, reliance was placed by the Court, on
its earlier judgments in State (Delhi Admn.) v. Pali
Ram [(1979) 2 SCC 158 and Ram Pyaralal
Shrivastava v. State of Bihar (1980) 1 SCC 492.
27. In O. Bharathan v. K. Sudhakaran
[(1996) 2 SCC 704, this Court considered a similar
issue and held that the facts of a case will be relevant
to decide where the court will exercise its power for
comparing the signatures and where it will refer the
matter to an expert. The observations of the Court are
as follows : (SCC p. 713, para 18)
"18. The learned Judge in our view was not
right ... taking upon himself the hazardous task of
adjudicating upon the genuineness and authenticity
of the signatures in question even without the
assistance of a skilled and trained person whose
services could have been easily availed of. Annulling
the verdict of popular will is as much a serious
matter of grave concern to the society as
enforcement of laws pertaining to criminal offences,
if not more. Though it is the province of the expert to
act as Judge or jury after a scientific comparison of
the disputed signatures with admitted signatures, the
caution administered by this Court is to the course
to be adopted in such situations could not have been
ignored unmindful of the serious repercussions
arising out of the decision to be ultimately
rendered."
(See also Lalit Popli v. Canara Bank (2003) 3 SCC 583, Jagjit
Singh v. State of Haryana [(2006) 11 SCC 1] , Thiruvengadam
Pillai v. Navaneethammal [(2008) 4 SCC 530] and G.
Someshwar Rao v. Samineni Nageshwar Rao [(2009) 14 SCC
677 .)
28. The opinion of a handwriting expert is
fallible/liable to error like that of any other
witness, and yet, it cannot be brushed aside as
useless. There is no legal bar to prevent the court
from comparing signatures or handwriting, by
using its own eyes to compare the disputed writing
with the admitted writing and then from applying
its own observation to prove the said handwritings
to be the same or different, as the case may be, but
in doing so, the court cannot itself become an
expert in this regard and must refrain from playing
the role of an expert, for the simple reason that the
opinion of the court may also not be conclusive.
Therefore, when the court takes such a task upon
itself, and findings are recorded solely on the basis
of comparison of signatures or handwritings, the
court must keep in mind the risk involved, as the
opinion formed by the court may not be conclusive
and is susceptible to error, especially when the
exercise is conducted by one, not conversant with
the subject. The court, therefore, as a matter of
prudence and caution should hesitate or be slow to
base its findings solely upon the comparison made
by it. However, where there is an opinion whether
of an expert, or of any witness, the court may then
apply its own observation by comparing the
signatures, or handwritings for providing a
decisive weight or influence to its decision. "
87- ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Vh-fiYybZ ¼iwoksZDr½ ds ekeys
esa fuEukuqlkj fof/kd fLFkfr vfHkfu/kkZfjr dh x;h gS%&
"15. Section 45 of the Evidence Act, 1872 relates to
"opinion of experts". It provides inter alia that when
the court has to form an opinion as to identity of
handwriting or finger impressions, the opinion upon
that point of persons specially skilled in questions as
to identity of handwriting or finger impressions are
relevant facts. Section 73 provides that in order to
ascertain whether a finger impression is that of the
person by whom it purports to have been made, any
finger impression admitted to have been made by that
person, may be compared with the one which is to be
proved. These provisions have been the subject-matter
of several decisions of this Court.
15.1. In State v. Pali Ram {(1979) 2 SCC 158} this
Court held that a court does not exceed its power
under Section 73 if it compares the disputed writing
with the admitted writing of the party so as to reach
its own conclusion. But this Court cautioned: (SCC p.
168, para 30)
"30. ... Although there is no legal bar to
the Judge using his own eyes to compare
the disputed writing with the admitted
writing, even without the aid of the evidence
of any handwriting expert, the Judge
should, as a matter of prudence and
caution, hesitate to base his finding with
regard to the identity of a handwriting
which forms the sheet anchor of the
prosecution case against a person accused
of an offence, solely on comparison made
by himself. It is therefore, not advisable that
a Judge should take upon himself the task of
comparing the admitted writing with the
disputed one to find out whether the two
agree with each other; and the prudent
course is to obtain the opinion and
assistance of an expert."
The caution was reiterated in O. Bharathan v. K. Sudhakaran
[(1996) 2 SCC 704]. Again in Ajit Savant Majagvai v. State of
Karnataka [(1997) 7 SCC 110 referring to Section 73 of the Evidence
Act, this Court held: (SCC p. 122, paras 37-38)
"37. ... The section does not specify by whom the
comparison shall be made. However, looking to the
other provisions of the Act, it is clear that such
comparison may either be made by a handwriting
expert under Section 45 or by anyone familiar with
the handwriting of the person concerned as provided
by Section 47 or by the Court itself.
38. As a matter of extreme caution and judicial
sobriety, the Court should not normally take upon
itself the responsibility of comparing the disputed
signature with that of the admitted signature or
handwriting and in the event of the slightest doubt,
leave the matter to the wisdom of experts. But this
does not mean that the Court has not the power to
compare the disputed signature with the admitted
signature as this power is clearly available under
Section 73 of the Act."
15.2. In Murari Lal v. State of M.P. [(1980) 1 SCC 704 : this
Court indicated the circumstances in which the court may
itself compare disputed and admitted writings thus: (SCC p.
712, para 12)
"12. The argument that the court should not
venture to compare writings itself, as it would
thereby assume to itself the role of an expert is
entirely without force. Section 73 of the
Evidence Act expressly enables the court to
compare disputed writings with admitted or
proved writings to ascertain whether a writing
is that of the person by whom it purports to have
been written. If it is hazardous to do so, as
sometimes said, we are afraid it is one of the
hazards to which judge and litigant must expose
themselves whenever it becomes necessary.
There may be cases where both sides call
experts and two voices of science are heard.
There may be cases where neither side calls an
expert, being ill-able to afford him. In all such
cases, it becomes the plain duty of the court to
compare the writings and come to its own
conclusion. The duty cannot be avoided by
recourse to the statement that the court is no
expert. Where there are expert opinions, they
will aid the court. Where there is none, the court
will have to seek guidance from some
authoritative textbook and the court's own
experience and knowledge. But discharge it
must, its plain duty, with or without expert, with
or without other evidence."
The decision in Murari Lal [(1997) 7 SCC 110 : was followed in Lalit
Popli v. Canara Bank [(2003) 3 SCC 583.
88- ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk vt; dqekj ¼iwoksZDr½] ,oa Vh
fiYybZ ¼iwoksZDr½ ds ekeyksa esa izfrikfnr fof/kd fLFkfr ls ;g Li"V gS fd Lo;a
U;k;ky; }kjk gLrfyfi@gLrk{kj dh rqyuk@feyku djus ij fof/kd :i ls
dksbZ fu"ks/k ugha gS vkSj U;k;ky; Lo;a gLrk{kj@gLrfyfi dh rqyuk@feyku
dj ldrk gSA ysfdu U;k;ky; }kjk Lo;a gLrfyfi@gLrk{kj dk feyku
djus ds ckn ek= mDr vk/kkj ij dksbZ fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyus pkfg;sA ysfdu
tgka fo'ks"kK dk vfHker ;k vfHkys[k ij fdlh lk{kh dh lk{; gS] rks
U;k;ky; gLrfyfi @gLrk{kj dh rqyuk @feyku dj vius izs{k.k fu.kkZ;d
Hkkj @izHkko Mkyus ds fy;s ykxw dj ldrk gSA vt; dqekj ¼iwoksZDr½ okys
ekeys esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Lo;a gLrk{kj dh rqyuk dh FkhA
blds vykok eqjkjh yky fo- e-iz- jkT;] ¼1980½ 1 ,l-lh-lh- 704 ds ekeys
esa iSjk &12 esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh vfHker fn;k gS fd tgka
nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh i{kdkj fo'ks"kK dks ugha cqykrk gS] rks U;k;ky; dk ;g
dRrZO; gS fd og Lo;a gLrfyfi dh rqyuk@feyku dj Lo;a ds fu"d"kZ
fudkyss ,oa U;k;ky; bl dRrZO; ls ;g dgdj ugha cp ldrk fd og
fo'ks"kK ugha gSA
89- blds vykok iz'uxr fu.kZ; ds voyksdu ls nf'kZr gksrk gS
fd fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us ek= Lo;a }kjk gLrk{kj dh rqyuk @feyku ds
v/kkj ij fu"d"kZ@vafre fu"d"kZ ugha fudkys gSaA izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds vt; dqekj ¼iwoksZDr½] ds ekeys
esa iSjk&28 es ds izs{k.k orZeku izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iw.kZr% ykxw
gksrs gSA
90- Lo;a oknh glhc eksgEen [kku us viuh ifjlk{; esa
odkyrukek iz-Mh-&1 ,oa okn i= ds izR;sd i`"B Hkkx ij] mlds lkFk izLrqr
'kiFk i= ij vius gLrk{kj gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;fn oknh }kjk izLrqr okn
i=]mlds lkFk izLrqr 'kiFk i= ,oa izdj.k esa oknh }kjk izLrqr odkyrukek
izn'kZ Mh&1 ij oknh us gLrk{kjksa dh iz-Mh- 2 ij oknh ds gksuk vfHkdfFkr
gLrk{kj dh ijLij rqyuk@feyku djus ij uXu vka[kksa ls Hkh iz-Mh-&2 ij
oknh ds gksuk vfHkdfFkr gLrk{kj odkyr ukek izn'kZ Mh&1] okn i= o
mlds lkFk izLrqr 'kiFk i= ij oknh ds gLrk{kjksa ds leku gksuk nf'kZr gksrs
gSA
91- blds vykok mDr lEcU/k esa ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd izdj.k
esa oknh us vius eq[; ijh{k.k ds 'kiFk i= izn'kZ Mh&3 ij vius gLrk{kj gksus
ls Lo;a vius izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &26 esa badkj fd;k gSA blls Hkh ;gh nf'kZr
gksrk gS fd oknh tkucw>dj vlR; dFku dj jgk gS ,oa tkucw>dj izn'kZ
Mh&2 ij vius gLrk{kj ls badkj dj jgk gSA mDr lEcU/k esa gjpj.k flag
fo-Jherh rqjtk ckbzZ ,oa vU; 1994 ts -,y-ts- 197 dk iSjk&6 voyksduh; gSA
gSA
92- blds vykok iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds fu"iknu ,oa ml ij
vius gLrk{kj ls badkj ds lEcU/k esa oknh glhc eksgEen [kku dh
fo'oluh;rk@ekSf[kd ifjlk{; dh fo'oluh;rk ds lEcU/k esa ;g Hkh
mYys[kuh; gS fd fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ls ;g Li"V gS fd
oknh 1986 ds iwoZ ls yxkrkj ekufld :i ls@vU;Fkk vLoLFk jguk vkSj
ml dkj.k ls fookfnr d`f"k Hkwfe izfroknh dza&1 dks fldeh@equkQs ij nsuk]
iz-ih-&4 ,oa 5 }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknh dzekad &1 dks fldeh @equkQs ij
nsuk] oknh Lo;a d`f"k djus o ns[kjs[k djus esa vleFkZ jguk] oknh ds ifjokj esas
Hkwfe dh ns[kjs[k djus okyk dksbZ vU; u gksuk izekf.kr ugha gS rFkk oknh }kjk
izfroknh x.k ds fo:) iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost QthZ@dwVjfpr rS;kj djus ds
lEcU/k esa dHkh dksbZ nkafMd dk;Zokgh ugha djuk ]oknh }kjk Lo;a iz-Mh-&2 dk
nLrkost uk;c rglhynkj ,l-lh-fd'kksjs ds le{k ukekUrj.k gsrq izLrqr djuk
izekf.kr gSA
93- blds vykok fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ,oa oknh
glhc eksgEen [kku o mldh ifRu rktoj lqYrku ds dFku ls ;g Li"V gS
fd oknh ,oa izfroknh dzekad &1 fudV lEcU/kh gksdj muds ?kfu"V lEcU/k
jgs gSA oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen [kku ds vuqlkj uQhl fe;k ls mlds vPNs
rkYyqdkr igys ls pys vk jgs gS vkSj vkt Hkh gSaA uQhl fe;k us mls iSls
ugha fn;s rks mlus mudh dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha dh gS A mlds iSls ugha nsus ds
lEcU/k esa vnkyr esa ;k iqfyl esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh vkSj vius fjLrsnkjksa
ls Hkh ugha dgkA ;s rks gekj [kqn Hkh fjLrsnkj gS] blfy;s dqN ugha dgkA
iSlk ugha nsus ds dkj.k muds ?kj vkuk tkuk cUn dj fn;k FkkA ;g ckr
lgh gS fd tc ls mlus tehu ds dkxtkar rglhy ls fudyok;s rc ls mls
bl ckr dh tkudkjh gS fd tehu uQhl fe;k ds uke ij gS] muds muls
rkYyqdkr vPNs cus jgs] dksbZ yMkbZ >xMk ugha gqvkA ,d ckj uQhl fe;k
chp esas xqLls esa vk;s Fks vkSj dgk Fkk fd rw ugha ;k eS ughaA fQj mlds ckn
ekQh ekax yh FkhA bl ckr dks rhu ,d lky gks x;s gSA
94- oknh lk{kh rktoj lqYrku dk izfrijh{k.k dk iSjk &12 esa
dFku gS fd %&
^^12- ----------------------------- ;g lgh gS fd gekjh vkSj uQhl fe;ka
dh o"kZ 2002 ls eqdnes ckth ''kq: gks xbZ A ;g
dguk xyr gS fd uQhl fe;ka dk gekjs ?kj vkuk
tkuk can gks x;k gSA o"kZ 02 ds ckn Hkh ;s yksx dbZ
ckj gekjs ?kj vk;s gS vkSj eq>ls vkSj esjs ifr ls dbZ
ckj dgk gS fd 10&15 yk[k ys yks vkSj dsl jQk nQk
djksA ;g Hkh dgrs Fks fd ugh arks tehu nwljs dks
nsnsxsa ] fdlh ,sls nknk dks ns nsxsa tks ftUnxh Hkj ugha
NqMk ikvksxs ugh arks eMZj dj nwaxk bldh /kedh
nsus dh dksbZ fjiksVZ ugha dh A esjs ifr us dgk fd
vkil dk ekeyk gSA dksVZ dpgjh ls D;k gksxkA ;g
/kedh nsus dh ?kVuk fdruh iqjkuh gS ;g eq>s ;kn ugha
gSA ?kVuk eqdnes pyus dh ckn dh gSA eq>s ;g /;ku
ugha gS fd ;g ckr mlds ifr us odhy lkgc dks crk
nh Fkh ;k ugha A esus vius ''kiFki= essa ;g ckr
fy[kokbZ gSA^^
95- mDr lEcU/k esa ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd D;k oknh us Lo;a
orZeku nkok is'k fd;k gSA mDr lEcU/k esa oknh glhc eksgEen [kku ds
izfrijh{k.k dk iSjk &30 ,oa 31 egRoiw.kZ gS tks fuEukuqlkj gS%&
^^30- eSus nkok ugha i<k] esjs csVs us nkok VkbZi djok;k Fkk
vkSj mlh us nkok is'k djk fn;k A esjs csVs us tgka
&tgka eq>s gLrk{kj djus ds fy;s dgk eSus ogka
gLrk{kj dj fn;s FksA esjs yMds dk uke gchc gSA
gLrk{kj djus ls igys vksj U;k;ky; esa nkok is'k djus
ds igys nkos esa D;k fy[kk gS esus ugha i<k vkSjvkt Hkh
eq> irk ugha gS fd nkos esa D;k&D;k fy[kk gSA
31- ;g ckr lgh gS fd uQhl fea;k esjs fjLrsnkj gS] esjs
vkSj muds rkYyqdkr cgqr vPNs gS] eS muls eqdnek
yMuk ugha pkgrk] vkt Hkh eS eqdnek muls ugha
yMuk pkgrk A Lor% dgk esa lqyg djuk pkgrk gwaA
;g ckr lgh gS fd bl eqdnes dh yMkbZ uQhl fe;k
ls esjh chch vksj yMds ds dkj.k ''kq: gqbZ gS vkSj
ogha eqdnek yM jgs gS ] eq>s nkos ls dksbZ eryc ugha
gSA ^^
96- oknh glhc eksgEen [kku ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&30 ,oa 31 esa
ds mDr dFku ds ifjis{; esa oknh glhc eksgEen [kku dk izfrijh{k.k ds
iSjk&26 esa dk ;g dFku izklafxd ,oa lqlaxr gksdj egRoiw.kZ gS ftlesa
mlus vius eq[; ijh{k.k esa vkns'k 18 fu;e 4 lh-ih-lh- ds vUrxZr izLrqr
'kiFk i= izn'kZ Mh&3 ij Lo;a vius gLrk{kj gksus ls badkj fd;k gS ysfdu
okni=] mlds lkFk izLrqr 'kiFk i= ,oa izn'kZ Mh&2 ds odkyrukes ij vius
gLrk{kj gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA okn i=] mlds lkFk izLrqr 'kiFki= ,o izn'kZ
Mh&1 ds odkyrukes ij oknh ds gLrk{kj rFkk eq[; ijh{k.k ds 'kiFki= izn'kZ
Mh&3 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj] ftudks Lo;a oknh us badkj fd;k gS] eaas lqLi"V
fHkUUrk gksuk nf'kZr gSA
97- izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku us vius izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk
&14 ,oa 22 esa dFku fd;k gS fd %&
^^14- ;g ckr lgh gS fd oknh esjs ls cgqr T;knk eksgCcr
j[krk gS ;g ckr lgh gS fd eS Hkh muls cgqr eksgCcr
djrk gwaA ;g ckr lgh gS fd eS muds chch cPpksa dk
Hkh cgqr [;ky j[krk gwaA ;g ckr lgh gS fd esa mudh
gj nq[k rdyhi ds oDr esa mudk lkFk nsrk gwa vkSj
oknh Hkh esjk [;ky j[krk gSA
22- ;g ckr lgh gS fd eS dHkh Hkh oknh ds lkFk uwjxat esa
ugha jgk esa igys nkgksn esa jgrk FkkA vktdy Hkksiky
esa jgrk gwa ;g ckr lgh gS fd glhc fe;k ds lkFk
ges'kk muds chch cPps gh jgrs gSA ;g ckr lgh gS fd
glhc fe;k dh nq[k chekjh esa muds chch cPps us
mudh f[kner dh gS vkSj esus Hkh dh gS A ;g ckr
lgh gS fd vkt nks lky igys tc glhc fe;k
vLirky esa chekj gksdj HkrhZ Fks rks mUgsa ns[kus u rks
esjs ] lkys llqj chch xbZ ysfdu esa x;k gwaA Lor% dgk
fd blls igys gekjh chch lkl&llqj vkrs tkrs jgs
gSA ;g ckr lgh gS fd bl eqdnes ds ckn Hkh esjs oknh
ls vPNs lEcU/k gS] vkSj esjk muds ;gka vkuk tkuk cuk
jgrk gSA^^
98- bl izdkj mijksDr lk{; ls ;g Li"V gS fd iz-Mh-&2 ds
nLrkost@fgck dh tkudkjh@ fookfnr Hkwfe ij izfroknhx.k ds ukekUr.k
dh tkudkjh gksus ds ckn Hkh oknh ,oa izfroknh dz&1 ds vPNs lEcU/k jgs gS
rFkk oknh lk{kh glhc eksgEen ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &30 ,oa 31 ls nf'kZr
gksrk gS fd orZeku nkok oknh us ugha fd;k gS cfYd mldh ifRu ,oa cPpks us
djk;k gS vkSj ogh eqdnek yM jgs gS rFkk mlus nkos ij dsoy gLrk{kj fd;s
gS vkSj mls ugha ekyqe gS fd nkos esa D;k fy[kk gSA oknh glhc eksgEen [kku
us vius eq[; ijh{k.k ds 'kiFk i= ij gLrk{kj ls Hkh badkj fd;k gSA
99- tgka rd vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds bl
rdZ dk iz'u gS fd izdj.k esa izfroknh dks iz-Mh-&2 ij oknh ds gLrk{kj
fdlh gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK ds dFku djkdj izekf.kr djkuk Fkk] fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ
iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk @foosfpr rF;ksa ,oa vfHkys[k ij miyC/k lk{; rFkk bl
rF; dks ns[krs gq;s] fd Lo;a oknh }kjk okn LoRo ?kks"k.kk gsrq izLrqr fd;k
x;k gS rFkk izfroknhx.k dk fgck@iz-Mh&2 ds vk/kkj ij LoRo ?kks"k.kk gsrq
dksbZ izfrnkok ugha gS] ,oa izfroknhx.k }kjk dsoy mDr vk/kkj ij cpko fy;k
x;k gS] ds n`f"Vxr U;k;ky; dk er gS fd izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa vihykFkhZ @oknh dks fdlh gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK ds dFku djkdj ;g izekf.kr
djuk Fkk fd iz-Mh-&2 ij mlds gLrk{kj ugha gSA izdj.k ds rF;ksa ,oa
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izfroknhx.k ds fy;s ;g vko';d ugha Fkk fd og iz-Mh-&2 ij
oknh ds gLrk{kj izekf.kr djus ds fy;s fdlh gLrfyfi fo'ks"kK ds dFku
djkrsA
100- vr% la{ksi esa fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk @foosfpr
rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; dk er gS fd iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost
vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk fu"ikfnr djuk vkSj ml ij oknh ds gLrk{kj gksuk
izekf.kr gSA
101- tgka rd vihykFkhZ @oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknhx.k ds
fgr esa fgck djus @iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds lEcU/k esa lansg mRiUu djus
okyh ifjLFkfr;ksa dk iz'u gS\ izdj.k ds voyksdu ls nf'kZr gksrk gS fd
vihykFkhZ@oknh us nkos esa ,oa vius eq[; ijh{k.k esa fgck @iz-Mh-&2 ds
nLrkost ds fu"iknu@ml ij vius gLrk{kj ls badkj fd;k gSA vihykFkhZ
@oknh ds okn i= esa ,sls dksbZ vfHkopu ugh gS vkSj u gh oknh dk ,slk
ekeyk gS vkSj u gh oknh lk{khx.k us vius dFkuksa esa ,slk dksbZ mYys[k fd;k
gS rFkk oknh dh vksj ls izfroknh lk{khx.k dks izfrijh{k.k eas fn;s x;s lq>koksa
esa ,slk dksbZ cpko ugha gS fd izfroknhx.k us diV @/kks[kk@feF;k O;ins'ku
ls oknh ls fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck izfroknhx.k ds i{k djk;k Fkk@iz-Mh-&2 dk
nLrkost fu"ikfnr djk fy;k FkkA
102- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B vf/koDrk us izfroknh lk{kh uQhl
mj jgeku ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&15 esa ds dFku fd ^^ ;g ckr lgh gS fd
89 esa oknh ds ikl dsoy oknxzLr Hkwfe Fkh blds vykok oknh ds ikl dksbZ
tehu ugha FkhA ^^ ds vk/kkj ij ;g rdZ fd;k gS fd pawfd oknh ds ikl
fookfnr Hkwfe ds vykok vU; dksbZ tehu ugha Fkh vkSj mldh ifRu vkSj cPps
gS] blfy;s og viuh lEiw.kZ Hkwfe izfroknhx.k dks fgck D;kas djsxk vkSj Lo;
viuk@viuh ifRu vkSj cPpksa dk ikyu iks"k.k dSls vkSj fdl izdkj djsxkA
103- vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds mDr rdZ ds
lEcU/k esa mYys[kuh; gS fd vihykFkhZ@oknh ds okn i= esa ,sls dksbZ vfHkopu
ugha gS rFkk oknh lk{khx.k ds eq[; ijh{k.k esa ,sls dksbZ dFku ugha gS fd oknh
ds ikl fookfnr Hkwfe ds vykok vU; dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS@ugha FkhA okn i= esa
ds vfHkopuksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd oknh us orZeku nkok losZ dzekad 245@2 ,oa
246 fLFkr xzke dqeMh fcBksjh ds lEcU/k esa izLrqr fd;k gSA vihykFkhZ@oknh
glhc eksgEen [kku us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&18 esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd mls
uwjxat esa 18 ,dM ,oa fcBksjh esa 44-36 fMlfey Hkwfe cVokjs eas izkIr gqbZ
FkhA mldh okfynk ,oa mlds HkkbZ;ksa ds uke ls Hkh bruh bruh Hkwfe vk;h
FkhA
104- izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku us izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &16 esa
dFku fd;k gS fd 86 ls 89 ds chp lqYrku eksgEen [kku] jQhd eksgEen ]
jbZl eksgEen vkSj glhc eksgEen ds ikl yxHkx dqy feykdj <sM lkS ,dM
tehu FkhA vr% oknh glhc eksgEen [kku ds izfrijh{k.k esa ds iSjk 18 ,oa
izfroknh uQhl mj jgeku ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &16 esa ds dFku ds n`f"Vxr
izfroknh uQhl mj jgeku ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk &15 esa ds dFku ds vk/kkj
ij ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd fgck ds le; oknh ds ikl fookfnr Hkwfe ds
vykok vU; dksbZ Hkwfe ugha FkhA izfroknh lk{kh ckyk izlkn ds vuqlkj ;g
dguk xyr gS fd glhc fea;k ds ikl >xMs okyh tehu ds vykok vkSj dksbZ
tehu ugha gSA fdruh tehu Fkh] ;g ugha crk ldrk ysfdu uwjxat o
xkSgjxat esa tehu FkhA
105- vr% vihykFkhZ @oknh ds ofj"B vf/koDrk dk ;g rdZ Lohdkj
fd;s tkus ;ksX; ugha gS fd vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ikl fookfnr Hkwfe ds vykok
vU; dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS vkSj mls Lo;a viuk ,oa viuh ifRu ,oa cPpksa dk
Hkj.kiks"k.k djuk gS] blfy;s og viuh lEiw.kZ tehu dk fgck izfroknhx.k ds
i{k esa D;ks djsxkA vr% vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B vf/koDrk ds mDr rdZ
vekU; fd;s tkrs gSA
106- ;g lgh gS fd iz-ih-&4 ij izfroknh dza-&1 us vius gLrk{kj
gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gS ysfdu fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk]@
fudkys x;s fu"d"kksZ ls ;g Li"V gS fd iz-ih-&4 ds nLrkost }kjk
vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknh dzekad &1 dks fldeh @equkQs
ij nsuk izekf.kr ugha gSA ;g iz-ih-&5 ds nLrkost ls Hkh Li"V gSA fu.kZ; ds
iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ls iz-ih-&4 ij izfroknh dzekad &1 ds gLrk{kj
gksuk Lohd`r gksus ek= ls ;g izekf.kr ugha gksrk fd iz-ih-&4 ds vk/kkj ij
izFke ckj fookfnr Hkwfe ij dCtk fldeh @equkQs ij d`f"k gsrq izkIr fd;k
FkkA izfroknh lk{kh uQhl mj jgeku dk Li"V dFku gS fd mlus dCtk fgck
ds vk/kkj ij izkIr fd;k Fkk] fldeh ds vk/kkj ij ughaA
107- tgka rd fgck ds dkj.k @gsrqd dk iz'u gS\ izdj.k esa
vihykFkhZ@oknh ,oa izfroknh dza&1 ds e/; ?kfu"V lEcU/k @fudV dh
fjLrsnkjh gksuk rFkk oknh }kjk iz-Mh-&2 dk nLrkost fu"ikfnr djuk izekf.kr
gSA blfy;s izR;{k :i ls fookfnr Hkwfe izfroknhx.k dks fgck djus ds lEcU/k
esa vU; dksbZ dkj.k @gsrqd vfHkys[k ij u gksuk Lo;a esa dksbZ langs kLin
ifjfLFkfr ugha gSA
108- blds vykok vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk dh
vksj ls vihykFkhZ@oknh ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk&30 ,oa 31 es ds dFkuksa ds
lEcU/k ess ;g Hkh rdZ izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd pwafd oknh ikl fookfnr Hkwfe ds
vykok vU; dksbZ 'Hkwfe ugha gS vkSj oknh dh ifRu ,oa cPps gS] blfy;s oknh
dh ifRu @cPpksa }kjk oknh ds ek/;e ls orZeku nkok izLrqr djk;s tkus esa
dksbZ vLoHkkfodrk ugha gSA mDr lEcU/k eas mYys[kuh; gS fd fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ
iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ls oknh ds ikl fookfnr Hkwfe dss vykok vU; Hkwfe
gksuk izekf.kr gSA izdj.k esa oknh dh ifRu ,oa cPps i{kdkj ugha gSA izdj.k esa
oknh dk ,slk dksbZ ekeyk ugha gS fd fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck@iz-Mh-&2 dk
nLrkost mls diV@/kks[kk nsdj@feF;k O;ins'ku dj djk;k x;k FkkA okn
i= ds voyksdu ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd fookfnr Hkwfe ds fgck@iz-Mh-&2 ds
nLrkost dks bl vk/kkj ij dksbZ pqukSrh ugha nh xbZ gS fd eqfLye fof/k ds
vUrxZr oknh dks lEiw.kZ fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck djus dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA
vr% oknh glhc eksgEen ds izfrijh{k.k ds iSjk 30 o 31 esa ds dFkuksa ls ;gh
fu"df"kZr gksrk gS fd oknh us fookfnr Hkwfe dk fgck@izn'kZ Mh&2 dk nLrkost
izfroknhx.k ds i{k esa fu"ikfnr fd;k Fkk vkSj blfy;s mlus nkok izLrqr ugha
fd;k vkSj nkok mlds yMds us izLrqr djk;kA
109- ';g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku
vf/koDrk us vius rdZ ds nkSjku fgck ds lEcU/k @iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds
lEcU/k esa tks lansg mRiUu djus okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa mYysf[kr dh gS] muds
lEcU/k esa okn i= esas dksbZ vfHkopu ugha gS vkSj u oknh lk{khx.k ds eq[;
ijh{k.k esa dksbZ mYys[k gS] vkSj u gh bl izdkj dk oknh dk dksbZ ekeyk gS]
vkSj u mDr vk/kkj ij fgck@iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost dks dksbZ pqukSrh ughaa nh
xbZ gSA
110- vr% la{ksi esa U;k;ky; dk er gS fd fookfnr Hkwfe ds
fgck@iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ langs mRiUu djus okyh
ifjfLFkfr u rks vfHkys[k ij gS vkSj u izekf.kr gS A vr% mDr lEcU/k esa
vihykFkhZ@oknh ds ofj"B fo}ku vf/koDrk ds rdZ vekU; fd;s tkrs gSA
111- ;g lgh gS fd iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds lk{kh ckyk izlkn ,oa
rkjhd LFkkuh; lk{kh ugha gSA ysfdu mudh ifjlk{; dks fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ
iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ds n`f"Vxr ek= mDr vk/kkj ij vxzkg; ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA izfroknh lk{kh rkjhd ijost ,oa ckyk izlkn ds dFkuksa ls Li"V gS
fd og fgck@iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkost ds lEcU/k esa iw.kZr% fo'oluh; lk{kh gSA
112- tgka rd eqfLye fof/k esa fgck ds vko';d ?kVdksa dk iz'u gSA
ealwj lkfgc ¼iwoksZDr½] ds ekeys ls ;g Li"V gS fd fgck ds vko';d ?kVd
fuEukuqlkj gS%&
"25. The upshot of the above discussion is that
there are three essential elements which are
necessary for a valid gift deed. They are:
a) The gift has to be necessarily declared by
the person giving the gift, i.e., the donor;
b) Such a gift has to be accepted either
impliedly or explicitly by or on behalf of the
donee; and
c) Apart from declaration and acceptance,
there is also a requirement of delivery of
possession for a gift to be valid."
113- fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ,oa izfroknh lk{khx.k
ds dFkuksa@iz-Mh-&2 ds nLrkkost ls orZeku ekeys esa fof/kd fgck ds mijksDr
rhuksa ?kVd iw.kZr% LFkkfir gksuk izekf.kr gSA
114- blds vykok iz'uxr fu.kZ; ds voyksdu ls nf'kZr gksrk gS
fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk izdj.k ds vfHkys[k ij miyC/k lk{; ds lEcU/k esa
lekykspukRed foLr`r :i ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS vkSj vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls
izLrqr rdksZ dks foLr`r :i ls fufnZ"V djrs gq;s rr~lEcU/k esa fu"d"kZ fn;s x;s
gSA iz'uxr fu.kZ; ds voyksdu mijkUr ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd fo}ku
fopkj.k U;k;ky; us mHk; i{k ds vfHkopuksa ,oa vfHkys[k ij miyC/k lk{; dks
leqfpr :i ls fopkj esa ysrs gq;s mudk leqfpr :i ls ewY;kadu ,oa fo'ys"k.k
dj U;k;ksfpr fu"d"kZ ugha fudkysa gSA fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk iz'uxr fu.kZ; esa
fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ vfHkys[k ij miyC/k lk{; ls lefFkZr gSA fu.kZ; ds iwoZorhZ
iSjkvksa esa dh foospuk ds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; dk er gS fd fo}ku fopkj.k
U;k;ky; }kjk fudkys x;s fu"d"kksZ esa gLr{ksi djus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ;k vk/kkj
ugha gSA vr% vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls izLrqr vihy Lohdkj ;ksX; ugh gksus ls
fujLr djrs gq;s fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; fnukad 31-10-2008 dh iqf"V
dh tkrh gSA
115- ifj.kker% vihykFkhZ@oknh dh vksj ls izLrqr vihy Lohdkj
;ksX; u gksus ls fujLr dh tkrh gS vkSj fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; ,oa
fMdzh dks ;Fkkor fLFkj j[krs gq;s mldh iqf"V dh tkrh gSA
116- fu.kZ; dh izfr lfgr lEcaf/kr fopkj.k U;k;ky; dk vfHkys[k
fopkj.k U;k;ky; dks lwpukFkZ ,oa ikyukFkZ izsf"kr fd;k tkosA
117- vihykFkhZ@oknh }kjk izLrqr vihy mijksDrkuqlkj fujkd`r dh xbZ A
¼vpy dqekj ikyhoky ½
U;k;k/kh'k
jkts'k tk;loky
