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Janak Raj Sharma vs Bharat Coking Coal Limited
2025 Latest Caselaw 335 Jhar

Citation : 2025 Latest Caselaw 335 Jhar
Judgement Date : 9 May, 2025

Jharkhand High Court

Janak Raj Sharma vs Bharat Coking Coal Limited on 9 May, 2025

Author: Sujit Narayan Prasad
Bench: Sujit Narayan Prasad
                                                                     2025:JHHC:14144




   IN THE HIGH COURT OF JHARKHAND AT RANCHI

                        W.P.(C) No. 6681 of 2010
                                  ---------

Janak Raj Sharma, son of Late Om Prakash Sharma, resident of Bhowra, P.O. & P.S. Bhowra, Dist.-Dhanbad.

... ... Petitioner Versus

1. Bharat Coking Coal Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited having its Head Office at Koyla Bhawan, P.O. Koyla Nagar, P.S. Saraidhella, Dist.-Dhanbad through its Chairman-cum-Managing Director.

2. The General Manager, E.J. Area, Bhowra, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Koyla Bhawan, Koyla Nagar, Dhanbad.

3. The General Manager (Co-ordin.), TS to CMD & PIO, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Koyla Bhawan, Koyla Nagar, Dhanbad.

4. The Central Information Commission through its Under Secretary & Assistant Registrar, 2nd Floor, 'B' Wing, August Kranti Bhawan, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi-110066.

                                                .......                    Respondents
                               ---------

CORAM: HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE SUJIT NARAYAN PRASAD

----------

For the Petitioner : Mr. Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Advocate For the Resp.-BCCL : Mr. Anoop Kumar Mehta, Advocate Mr. Manish Kumar, Advocate Mr. Pratyush, Advocate Ms. Astha, Advocate

-----------

th 07/Dated: 09 May, 2025

1. The instant writ petition has been filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India for the following reliefs:

"i. For quashing of the order dated 17.03.09 passed by the Central Information Commission in Case No. CIC/AT/C/2007/00390 whereby the Review Petition filed by the Petitioner for review of the order by which a penalty of Rs.25,000/- was imposed on him has been disallowed.

ii. Further for quashing the order dated 01.10.08 passed by the Central Information Commission in F.No.CIC/AT/A/2007/00390 whereby penalty of Rs.25,000/- was imposed on the Petitioner. iii. Further for reliving the Petitioner from penalty of Rs.25,000/-

imposed on the Petitioner by the Central Information Commission in the facts and circumstances of the case.

..."

2. The brief facts of the case as per the pleading made in the writ petition which requires to be enumerated, read as under:

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The Petitioner, at the relevant time, was working and posted as Deputy Chief Mining Engineer / Project Officer at E.J. Area, B.C.C.L., Dhanbad.

On 11.09.2006 one Brig. Sri P.K. Kaul (Rtd.) sought some information through R.T.I. from B.C.C.L. vide Application No.7630/PKK/EJ/RTI/2SDG/1. On 28.10.2006, the Asstt. Survey Officer wrote a letter contained in Ref. No. BCCL/EJA/PIO/F- IF/06/11074-76 to the Project Officer, Bhowra 3 pit OCP in reference to the above mentioned application so that information could be furnished to the applicant and during the relevant time, Sri Ajoy Kumar was posted as Project Officer, Bhowra.

On 18.11.2006, the writ Petitioner joined at Bhowra as Project Officer. When no information was furnished by the Project Officer, Ajoy Kumar, the then Project Officer, Bhowra, the Asstt. Survey Officer sent two reminders letters to the Project Officer dated 22.11.2006 & 29.11.2006 for furnishing information mentioning that if information is not furnished within time, penalty may be imposed on him. The said two letters were received by the Dak Dispatch Clerk on 04.12.2006 but the same were not placed before the Petitioner.

On 15.05.2008 the petitioner was transferred to Amlabad project and on 05.07.2008 the Petitioner received a show cause notice dated 26.06.2008 in reference to letters dated 28.10.2006, 22.11.2006 and 29.11.2006 for not furnishing required information even after repeated reminders and in the said show cause 05.08.2008 was fixed as date of hearing which was later on postponed on 09.09.2008. The aforesaid show cause notice was also issued to Sri Ajoy Kumar since when the information was sought, he was In-charge of Project Officer, Bhowra.

The petitioner, before submitting the reply of the show cause, wrote a letter contained in Ref. No. BCCL:AMBD:08:2151 dated 07.07.2008 to the Personnel Manager, Bhowra 3 pit OCP requesting to communicate to Petitioner whether the above-

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mentioned reminder letters were received at Bhowra 3 pit OCP or not.

On 08.07.2008, the Personnel Manager, Bhowra wrote a letter to Sri Suresh Kumar Paswan (Dak Dispatch Clerk) seeking information that whether the above mentioned reminders letters which were received by him on 04.12.2006 were placed before the Project Officer or not.

On 14.07.2008 Petitioner wrote a letter contained in Ref. No. BCCL:AMBD:08:2270 to the Personnel Manager, Bhowra 3 pit OCP requesting him to furnish Xerox copy of Dak Dispatch register and Dak receipt register from the date 29.11.2006 to 15.12.2006 and vide letter dated 22.07.08 the Dak Dispatch Clerk submitted his explanation alongwith the Xerox copies of Dak Dispatched Register stating therein that he received the letters under RTI was received which he gave to the project officer however in his explanation no proof was given in this regard.

The petitioner replied to the show cause notice mentioning the facts that the reminder letters were never placed before him and just after receiving of the reminder letters by the Dak Dispatch Clerk he went on for rescue operation as during his posting at Bhowra he was also entrusted with various other jobs.

On 31.07.2008 the Petitioner again wrote a letter contained in Ref. No. BCCL: AMBD:08:2427 to the Personnel Manager, Bhowra 3 pit OCP requesting him to furnish the Xerox copies of Dak receipt register, thereafter petitioner was informed that at the time when letters were received there was no system of entry in the dak receipt register.

On receiving the above information, the petitioner again on 30.08.2008 wrote a letter contained in Ref. No. BCCL: AMBD 08:2764 to the Personnel Manager, Bhowra requesting him to personally enquire into the matter to ascertain the system of Dak receipt and dispatch in past and present.

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On 09.09.2008 the Petitioner attended hearing before the Commission.

            Vide       order      dated       01.10.08         in         Case
   No.CIC/AT/A/2007/00390          Sri    A.N.    Tiwary,      Information

Commissioner, Central Information Commission imposed a penalty of Rs.25,000/- on Petitioner and Shri Ajoy Kumar for causing delay in furnishing information.

Being aggrieved by the order dated 01.10.2008 the petitioner and Sri Ajoy Kumar had preferred a separate review application for review of the order dated 01.10.2008.

The said review petitions were disposed of on 17.03.2009 by the Information Commissioner, Central Information Commission, whereby Petitioner's prayer of review was rejected on the ground that he was holding the charge at Bhowra from 18.11.2006 to 15.05.2008 so the plea that the letter dated 28.10.2006 was not received at his office cannot be accepted whereas the prayer of Shri Ajoy Kumar allowed and he was relieved from the penalty of Rs.25,000/-on the ground that he had a short spell of time of 18 days for furnishing reply of R.T.I. Application.

Being aggrieved thereof, the petitioner has preferred the instant writ petition.

3. It is evident from the factual aspect that the petitioner while working as Project Officer in a particular colliery, the information seeker has made an application for information under Section 5 of the Right to Information Act, 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the Act, 2005). The petitioner at that time, was not posted as Project Officer of the concerned project, however, he was posted thereafter. The information as sought for by the information seeker was not provided by the Public Information Officer and as such, the first appeal was filed in view of the provision as contained under first proviso to Section 19 of the Act, 2005 but even then the information

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was not provided, hence, the second appeal under the provision of second proviso to Section 19 of the Act, 2005 was filed.

4. The Central Information Commission has passed an order by exercising the power conferred under Section 20(1) of the Act, 2005 by inflicting penalty of Rs.25,000/- on the ground that the information as was sought for by the information seeker has not been supplied within the stipulated period as per the Act 2005. The Central Information Commission has also inflicted the said penalty upon another Project Officer who was posted the day when the application was submitted by the information seeker for seeking information. However, the Project Officer who was posted during the relevant time, the day when the application was received by the said Public Information Officer, was exonerated from the liability on the application filed said to be by way of review as would be evident from the order dated 17.03.2009.

5. The petitioner challenged the order dated 01.10.2008 by taking two fold grounds that:

(i) The day when the application was submitted by the petitioner, the petitioner was not posted as project officer to act as ex-officio Public Information Officer.

(ii) The project officer who was discharging his duty as a Public Information Officer the day when the application was filed by the information seeker seeking information has also been dealt with by inflicting penalty of Rs.25,000/- but has been exonerated from the said charge by exercising the power of review.

6. The writ petitioner, on the aforesaid premise, has filed the instant writ petition.

7. It needs to refer herein that vide order dated 26.02.2020 this Court had directed to issue notice to respondent no. 4 (the Central Information Commission) by Registered Post with A/D, for which,

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it has been directed to file requisites etc. by 25th March, 2020.For ready reference the order dated 26.02.2020 is being quoted as under:

"04/26.02.2020 Heard learned counsel for the petitioner as well as learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent nos. 1 to 3. Issue notice to respondent no. 4 by Registered Post with A/D, for which, requisites etc. to be filed by 25th March, 2020. Office is directed to issue the same forthwith. List this case on 6th May, 2020"

8. Further on 07.01.2021 this Court had again directed to the petitioner to comply the order dated 26.02.2020.

9. Today this case has been listed before this Court. From perusal of the entire order sheet as well as office note this Court has found that the order dated 26.02.2020 has not been complied yet by the petitioner.

10. This Court, taking into consideration the aforesaid fact, is of the view that the efforts have not been taken to comply with the order dated 26.02.2020 which appears to be nothing but a delaying tactics, as such, further time has been decided not to be given in view of the fact that the matter is of the year 2010, hence, this Court has thought it proper to proceed to hear the matter on merit.

Analysis:

11. This Court has heard the learned counsel for the petitioner and gone through the pleading made in the writ petition as also the order impugned passed by the Commission.

12. This Court, before appreciating the argument advanced on behalf of the petitioner, deems it fit and proper to refer the object and intent of the Act, 2005.

13. The said Act came into effect on 15th June, 2005, and is hereby published for general information. The Right to Information Act is an Act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and

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accountability in the working of every public authority, the constitution of a Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

14. In the case of Bihar Public Service Commission v. Saiyed Hussain Abbas Rizwi, (2012) 13 SCC 61 the Hon'ble Apex Court while considering the object and intent of the Act 2005 has observed that the scheme of the Act contemplates for setting out the practical regime of the right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority. For ready reference the relevant paragraph of the aforesaid order is being quoted as under:

10. The scheme of the Act contemplates for setting out the practical regime of the right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority. It was aimed at providing free access to information with the object of making governance more transparent and accountable.

Another right of a citizen protected under the Constitution is the right to privacy. This right is enshrined within the spirit of Article 21 of the Constitution. Thus, the right to information has to be balanced with the right to privacy within the framework of law.

15. Further an applicant under RTI Act can seek information from bodies established under the Constitution, any statute, rules or notifications as provided by Section 2(h)(a) to Section 2 (h)(d), Act 2005. Information can also be sought from non-statutory bodies/NGOs if they are owned, controlled or substantially financed by appropriate Government as proved by Section 2(h)(d)(i) and Section 2(h)(d)(ii) though they need not qualify the test of "State" or "instrumentality of State" under Article 12 of Constitution. The definition of 'public authority' under Section 2(1)(h) RTI Act does not talk of 'deep and pervasive' control. It is enough if it is shown that the authority is 'controlled' by the central government.

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16. The Section 3 of the Act 2005 grants right to citizens to have access to information, and Section 4 of the Act 2005 places an obligation upon the public authorities to maintain records and provide the prescribed information. Once an application seeking information is made, the same has to be dealt with as per Sections 6 and 7 of the Act. The request for information is to be disposed of within the time postulated under the provisions of Section 7 of the Act. Section 8 is one of the most important provisions of the Act as it is an exception to the general rule of obligation to furnish information. It gives the category of cases where the public authority is exempted from providing the information. To such exemptions, there are inbuilt exceptions under some of the provisions, where despite exemption, the Commission may call upon the authority to furnish the information in the larger public interest. This shows the wide scope of these provisions as intended by the framers of law. In such cases, the Information Commission has to apply its mind whether it is a case of exemption within the provisions of the said section.

17. The provisions have been inserted in the said statute for the purpose of facilitating the supply of information to the information seeker by filing application under Section 5 of the Act, 2005 which provides that if such application will be filed then the information is to be supplied. Section 5 of the Act, 2005 further provides, in order to make the Act, 2005 an effective one so as to achieve the object and intent thereof, that if any application is being before any authority who is not discharging his duty as public information officer posted in the concerned office then his primary duty is to transmit the said application before the public information officer for the purpose of supplying the information to the concerned information seeker. For ready reference, Section 5 of the Act, 2005 is being referred as under:

"5. Designation of Public Information Officers.

(1) Every public authority shall, within one hundred days of the enactment of this Act, designate as many officers as the Central Public Information Officers or State Public Information Officers, as the case

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may be, in all administrative units or offices under it as may be necessary to provide information to persons requesting for the information under this Act.

(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), every public authority shall designate an officer, within one hundred days of the enactment of this Act, at each sub-divisional level or other subdistrict level as a Central Assistant Public Information Officer or a State Assistant Public Information Officer, as the case may be, to receive the applications for information or appeals under this Act for forwarding the same forthwith to the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer or senior officer specified under sub-section (1) of section 19 or the Central Information Commission or the State Information Commission, as the case may be:

Provided that where an application for information or appeal is given to a Central Assistant Public Information Officer or a State Assistant Public Information Officer, as the case may be, a period of five days shall be added in computing the period for response specified under sub-section (1) of section 7.

(3) Every Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, shall deal with requests from persons seeking information and render reasonable assistance to the persons seeking such information.

(4) The Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, may seek the assistance of any other officer as he or she considers it necessary for the proper discharge of his or her duties.

(5) Any officer, whose assistance has been sought under sub-

section (4), shall render all assistance to the Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, seeking his or her assistance and for the purposes of any contravention of the provisions of this Act, such other officer shall be treated as a Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be."

18. It is evident from the provision of Section 5 of the Act, 2005 that the officer who is posted in the office even if not discharging the duty of public information officer and if any application has been received by him but he retained the said application instead of sending it to the Public Information Officer then there will be co- accountability of such officer for the purpose of dealing with the issue of penalty as provided under Section 20(1) of the Act, 2005.

19. As per Section 7 sub clause 1 the Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, on receipt of a request under Section 6 shall, as expeditiously as possible, and in any case within thirty days of the receipt of the request, either provide the information on payment of such fee as may be

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prescribed or reject the request for any of the reasons specified in Sections 8 and 9.

20. It has been stipulated in Section 19 of the Act 2005 that any person who, does not receive a decision within the time specified in sub- section (1) or clause (a) of sub-section (3) of Section 7, or is aggrieved by a decision of the Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, may within thirty days from the expiry of such period or from the receipt of such a decision prefer an appeal to such officer who is senior in rank to the Central Public Information Officer or State Public Information Officer as the case may be, in each public authority.

21. Section 19 of the Act, 2005 contains two provisos, the first proviso speaks about the power to be exercised by the higher authority who is to act as a First Appellate Authority and the second proviso confers power upon the Commission to act as Second Appellate Authority.

22. It needs to refer herein that though Section 19 is exhaustive and a complete code in itself, decisions of Information Commissions in second appeal under Section 19, held, are subject to writ and supervisory jurisdictions of High Courts and Supreme Court.

23. As per Section 20 of the Act 2005 it is evident that the Central Information Commission or the State Information Commission, as the case may be, at the time of deciding any complaint or appeal is of the opinion that the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, has, without any reasonable cause, refused to receive an application for information or has not furnished information within the time specified under sub-section (1) of Section 7 or malafidely denied the request for information or knowingly given incorrect, incomplete or misleading information or destroyed information which was the subject of the request or obstructed in any manner in furnishing the information, it shall impose a penalty of two hundred and fifty rupees each day till application is received or information

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is furnished, so however, the total amount of such penalty shall not exceed twenty-five thousand rupees.

24. In the backdrop of the aforesaid discussed provisions of the Act 2005 this Court is now adverting to the factual aspects of the instant case.

25. Admittedly, the information having not been supplied within time frame as stipulated in Section 7 of the Act 2005 rather beyond the time frame, therefore, the matter ultimately travelled to the Commission and the Commission had issued notice to the parties and thereafter, the order has been passed by being satisfied that the information has been supplied after delay, i.e., beyond the period of thirty days. The Commission, therefore, has inflicted penalty of Rs.25,000/- upon the first incumbent who was posted during the relevant time the day when the application was submitted by the information seeker as also upon the writ petitioner who joined the duty thereafter.

26. However, the first incumbent who was posted as Public Information Officer the day when the information was sought for by making application, subsequent to the order passed by the Commissioner, has filed review.

27. The writ petitioner had also preferred review but the order imposing penalty of Rs.25,000/- has been recalled by exercising the power of review with respect to the first incumbent namely Ajoy Kumar who was posted during the relevant time when the application was received in the office. However, the said review petition as has been preferred by the writ petitioner has been dismissed therefore, the writ petition has been preferred by agitating the aforesaid two grounds.

28. So far as the first ground is concerned that the application has not been served by the subordinate staffs of the office but the same cannot be said to be a ground when the petitioner has admitted the fact that he was posted in the office and if any laches is there from

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the subordinate staffs of the office it is the accountability of the incumbent holding the charge of the office, hence, the accountability which has been casted upon him in the capacity of project officer by merely taking the ground that the letter which was send by the information seeker has not been placed before him, cannot be a ground to make an excuse by denying the information sought to be supplied.

29. The writ petitioner was posted in the office after receipt of the application , i.e., two months thereafter and as such, no liability can be casted upon him but such argument is also not fit to be accepted due to the reason that the petitioner is posted in the office and even if the first incumbent who was discharging the duty as Public Information Officer had not supplied the information and being transferred to another place, thereafter the petitioner has come then he was also accountable to take the effective measure for supply of information which was sought for by the information seeker.

30. The writ petitioner has failed in discharging his statutory duty casted upon him under the Act, 2005. Even though, he was not Public Information Officer when the application sought for requisite information has been filed but on 28.10.2006, the Asstt. Survey Officer wrote a letter in reference to the aforesaid application so that information could be furnished to the applicant. On 28.10.2006 present writ petitioner was not posted at Bhowra as Project Officer but on 18.11.2006, the writ Petitioner joined at Bhowra as Project Officer. Thereafter, the Asstt. Survey Officer sent two reminders' letters to the Project Officer dated 22.11.2006 & 29.11.2006 for furnishing information mentioning that if information is not furnished within time, penalty may be imposed on him.

31. Thus, it is evident that on the concept of deemed Public Information Officer he will also be said to have accountability. However, the writ petitioner has not taken the ground of deemed Public Information Officer but what has been gathered from the argument

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advanced on behalf of the petitioner, therefore, the said making reference of the implication of deemed Public Information Officer is being referred herein.

32. The ground has also been taken that the incumbent who was posted the day when the application was received in the office has also been dealt with in exercise of power conferred under Section 20(1) of the Act, 2005 by inflicting penalty of Rs.25,000/-, but the said order was recalled by exercising the power of review but the said parameter has not been adopted by the Commissioner with respect to the writ petitioner.

33. There is no dispute that the parity is to be followed but before considering the question of applicability of the principle of parity, it needs to refer herein the principle of parity and order of review dated 17.03.2009.

34. However, it requires to refer herein that the Central Information Commission (CIC) does not have the power to review its own orders under the Right to Information Act, 2005. The Act 2005 do not provide for such review, and the CIC has held that re-visiting orders would amount to reviewing a prior decision, which has not been provided in the Act 2005.

35. The Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of Patel Narshi Thakershi v. Pradyumansinghji Arjunsinghji, (1971) 3 SCC 844 while taking note of the Saurashtra Land Reforms Act 1950 has observed that the power to review is not an inherent power. It must be conferred by law either specifically or by necessary implication, for ready reference the relevant paragraph is being quoted as under:

5. ----- -. It is well settled that the power to review is not an inherent power. It must be conferred by law either specifically or by necessary implication. No provision in the Act was brought to notice from which it could be gathered that the Government had power to review its own order. If the Government had no power to review its own order, it is obvious that its delegate could not have reviewed its order. The question whether the Government's order is correct or valid in law does not arise for consideration in these proceedings so long as that order is not set aside or declared void by a competent authority. Hence the same cannot be ignored. The Subordinate Tribunals have to carry out

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that order. For this reason alone the order of Mr Mankodi was liable to be set aside.

36. Thus, the Commission had not been vested with the powers to review of its earlier decisions but this Court has no concern with the issue that whether the Central Information Commission has the power of review or not, since it is not the case herein.

37. Further, it will be clear from the plain and simple language of Sections 18, 19 and 20 of the Act 2005 that, under Section 18 the Information Commission has the power and function to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person who is not able to secure information from a public authority; under Section 19 it decides appeals against the decisions of the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer relating to information sought by a person; and under Section 20 it can impose a penalty only for the purpose of ensuring that the correct information is furnished to a person seeking information from a public authority.

38. Hence, the functions of the Information Commissions are limited to ensure that a person who has sought information from a public authority in accordance with his right to information conferred under Section 3 of the Act is not denied such information.

39. Now coming to the issue of parity as contended by the counsel for the writ petitioner by referring the order dated 17.03.2009 that prayer of Shri Ajoy Kumar allowed and he was relieved from the penalty of Rs.25,000/- on the ground that he had a short spell of time of 18 days for furnishing reply of R.T.I. Application.

40. In the aforesaid context it needs to refer herein that so far as the fact relating to parity in punishment is concerned, there is no dispute about the settled proposition that with respect to imposition of punishment, the Authority is supposed to follow the principle of parity. Reference in this regard needs to be made of the judgment rendered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Lucknow

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Kshetriya Gramin Bank v. Rajendra Singh reported in (2013) 12 SCC 372 which is being quoted herein below:-

"17. If there is a complete parity in the two sets of case, s imposing different penalties would not be appropriate as inflicting of any higher penalty in one case would be discriminatory and would amount to infraction of the doctrine of equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution of India. That is the ratio laid down in the case of Rajendra Yadav v. State of M.P. reported in (2013) 3 SCC 73, already taken note above, On the other hand, if there is some difference, different penalty can be meted out and what should be the quantum is to be left to the appellate authority. ----

41. The Commission, while passing the order impugned dated 17.03.2009, has observed that the letter dated 28.10.2006, seeking assistance of Mr. Ajoy Kumar, was received by him on 30.10.2006 and his transfer order was issued on 06.11.2006 and accordingly he was relieved on 18.11.2006 and as such, he had short spell of time to furnish the reply.

42. Further, the Commission has observed in the order impugned dated 17.03.2009 in connection with the present writ petitioner that he was holding the charge from 18.11.2006 till 15.05.2008 and on the said basis, the commission had disallowed the review petition of the petitioner.

43. Thus, even on the issue of parity, the order dated 17.03.2009 passed in connection with on the other delinquent namely Mr. Ajoy Kumar, will not come in rescue/aid to the present writ petitioner.

44. This Court, in view of the discussion made hereinabove, is of the view that the writ petition lacks merit, as such, deserves to be dismissed.

45. Accordingly, the present writ petition stands dismissed.

46. Pending interlocutory application(s), if any, also stands disposed of.

(Sujit Narayan Prasad, J.) Saurabh/-

A.F.R.

 
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