Mahadeva Upendra Sinai Vs. Union of India & Ors [1974] INSC 233 (7 November 1974)
ALAGIRISWAMI, A.
ALAGIRISWAMI, A.
RAY, A.N. (CJ) MATHEW, KUTTYIL KURIEN GOSWAMI, P.K.
SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH
CITATION: 1975 AIR 797 1975 SCR (2) 640 1975 SCC (3) 765
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1986 SC 368 (16) R 1989 SC1719 (16,18)
ACT:
Taxation Laws (Extension to Union Territories) (Removal of Difficulties) Order 1970 Cl. (3), proviso (2)-If ultra vires Taxation laws (Extension to Union Territories) Regulation III of 1963.
HEADNOTE:
Goa, Daman and Diu, erstwhile Portuguese territories became a Union Territory of the Indian Union on December 19, 1961.
The President of India, in exercise of the powers under Art.
240 promulgated the Taxation Laws (Extension to Union Territories) Regulation II of 1963. By cl. 3 of the Regulation, the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, was extended to the Union Territory. By cl. (4) the corresponding law in the Union Territory was repealed from April 1, 1963. Clause (7) provided that if any difficulty arose in giving effect in the Union Territory, to the provisions of any Act etc., the Central Government may, by general or special order give necessary directions for the removal of the difficulty..
The petitioners were carrying on business in the Union Territory, where there was a Portuguese law relating to levy of tax, the scheme of which was entirely different from the Indian Act. Under that law, the net profits and gains were not calculated but a tax was levied at a certain percentage on the gross income or turnover of the business irrespective of whether the assessee made any profits or suffered losses.
After the extension of the Indian Act. the petitioners were assessed under it from the assessment year 1964-65 onwards.
The assessee was allowed depreciation of the assets used by him for his business. on the basis of the 'written down value' under s. 43(6)(b) read with s. 32 of the Income Tax Act.
Section 32 adopts two methods in allowing depreciation. In the case of non-ocean going ships and buildings, machinery, plant or furniture, the prescribed percentage of depreciation is to be computed on the basis of the written down value of the asset. Section 43 (6) defines 'written down value' to mean (a) in the case of assets acquired in the previous year, the actual cost and (b) in the case of assets before the previous year, the actual cost less all depreciation actually allowed under the 1961-Act or under the 1922-Act or any Act repealed by that Act or under any executive orders. Where the asset was acquired in the previous year depreciation would be allowed at the prescribed rate on such cost, and in subsequent years, the depreciation would be calculated on the basis of actual cost less depreciation actually allowed.
For the assessment year 1964-65, in assessing the petitioner, the written down value was taken as the actual cost of the assessee's assets since no depreciation was actually allowed to him earlier and the written down value was progressively reduced in the succeeding years by deducting the depreciation actually allowed in On Nov. 8, 1970, the Central Government, in purported exercise of its powers under cl. (7) of the Regulation, promulgated the Taxation Laws (Extension to Union Territories) (Removal of Difficulties) Order. It provided in cl. (3) that in making any assessment under the Income Tax Act, 1961, all depreciation actually allowed tinder the local laws shall be taken into account in computing the deductions, and in the proviso 2 to cl. (3), that, where in respect of any period no depreciation was actually allowed under the local law, depreciation for that period shall be calculated at the rate under the Indian Income Tax, 1961, or the 1922 Act or any Act repealed by that Act or under any executive orders issued when the Indian Income Tax Act, 1886, was in force, and the depreciation shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed under the local law.
In the light of proviso 2 to cl. (3) of the 1970 order, the assessment already made of the petitioner were sought to be revised, so that, the written down value of the 641 assets for calculating the depreciation allowance-even for the first time when the petitioners were assessed under the 1961-Act-would not be the actual cost of the assets, but a far lower sum with proportionate increase in the petitioner's liability to tax since the assessment year 1964-65.
The petitioner therefore challenged the validity of Proviso 2 to Cl. (3) of the Taxation laws (Extension to Union Territories) (Removal of Difficulties) Order 1970.
(Per A. N. Ray, C.J., K. K. Mathew, P. K. (Goswami and R. S. Sarkaria, JJ.).
HELD : Allowing the Petitions, The 2nd Proviso to cl. (3) of the 1970-Order is ultra vires the Central Government when exercising its powers under cl.
(7) of Regulation III of 1963, and the Revenue is not entitled to levy tax on the basis of the depreciation allowance computed in accordance with the said Proviso. [659E-F] (1) To keep pace with the rapidly increasing responsibilities of a welfare democratic state, the legislature has to turn out a plethora of hurried legislation. It is well nigh impossible, especially when the legislature deals with socioeconomic activities of the State or extends existing Indian laws to territories freshly merged in the Indian Union, to foresee all the circumstances to deal with which a statute is enacted or to anticipate all the difficulties that might arise in its working due to peculiar local conditions. In order to obviate the necessity of approaching the legislature for removal of every difficulty however trivial, encountered in the enforcement of the statute, the legislature invests the Executive with power to remove difficulties' for making the implementation of the statute effective by making minor adaptations and peripheral adjustments in the statute without touching its substance. [653D-H] (2) The existence or arising of a 'difficulty' is the sine qua non for the exercise of the power under cl. 7 of the 1963-Regulation. The 'difficulty' contemplated by the clause must be a difficulty arising in giving effect to the provisions of the Act and not a difficulty arising aliunde.
Further, the Central Government can exercise the power under the clause only to the extent it is necessary for applying or giving effect to the Act and no further. It may slightly tinker with the Act to round off angularities and smoothen the joints or remove minor obscurities to make it workable, but it cannot change, disfigure or do violence to the basic structure and primary features of the Act. Under the guise of removing a difficulty, it cannot change the scheme and essential provisions of the Act. [653H654B] (3) The contention that but for the impugned proviso, the provisions of ss. 32 and 43 (6) (b) of 'the 1961-Act, on its extension to the Union Territory, could not be given effect to and applied to the petitioner must be rejected. There could be no difficulty in computing the 'written down value' under S. 43 (6) (b) of the assets that had been acquired by the petitioner before the previous year. Since no depreciation was, in fact, allowed to the petitioner in the past under the Portuguese law, in the first assessment under the Indian Act, the written down value would be the actual cost of the assets less nil. Thereafter, in each succeeding year, the depreciation actually allowed in the preceding year would be deducted causing yearly diminution of the written down value with consequent decrease in the de preciation allowed on that basis. This was exactly the manner in which the 'written down value' of the assets of the petitioner had been computed and depreciation allowed for the several assessment years from 1964-65 onwards, showing that there was no difficulty in applying the provisions. [655H-656D] (4) There is no basis for the argument that the impugned proviso brings about equality of treatment among the different assessees in India. Far from ensuring parity of treatment it puts the assessee in the Union territories in a worse position than the assessees in the rest of India. [656 D-F] Straw, Products Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer, Bhopal, [1968] 2, S.C.R. 1 followed.
Commissioner of Income-tax, Hyderabad v. Dewan Bahadur Ram Gopal Mills Ltd. [1961] 2 S.C.R. 318 at 325 & 326 distinguished.
642 The phrase 'actually allowed' is limited to the depreciation actually taken into account or granted or given effect to and cannot be stretched to mean 'nationally allowed'. In this Union Territory, under the Portuguese law no depreciation was ever computed or actually allowed to the assessees. The impugned proviso. by replacing depreciation 'actually allowed' with depreciation 'deemed to have been allowed, by a fiction of law, even where no depreciation was at all allowed, in effect, attempts to change the fundamental scheme of the Indian Act in its application to the assessees in the Union Territory of Goa, Diu and Daman.
[658B-E] (6) Under s. 32(2) of the Indian Income Tax Act an assessee is entitled to ,carry forward' unabsorbed depreciation in case of loss or inadequate profits, without any time limit.
For ensuring this right to an assessee, assessments for ascertaining losses or insufficiency of profits of his business, since the acquisition and use of the assets by him, will have to be made. In the Union Territory of Goa etc., during the interregnums between Dec. 19, 1961, and April 1, 1963, there was no law authorising the levy of income tax. Even under the Portuguese law, the tax was in reality a 'turn over' tax irrespective of the assessee making profit or loss. Retrospective assessments for the purpose, going back to a period prior to 1963, could have been made under a law of Parliament but not under an executive fiat. But, in the Indian Income Tax Act as extended to these territories, there is no provision for making assessment in respect of those past years. In the absence of such law, it is impossible to work the Proviso without riding rough shod over the rights of the assessees to have their unabsorbed depreciation relating to the pre-1963 period, carried forward. Therefore, a Goan assessee, who suffered losses and depreciation of his assets will never get the benefit of such carry forward, as no machinery exists for determining the inadequacy of profits or the factual of losses in those years. Viewed from this angle, the impugned proviso would, in the implementation of the Act, create difficulties rather than remove them. [659A-E] (Per Alagiriswami. J., dissenting).
HELD : Dismissing the petition, (1) The provision regarding written down value and allowance of depreciation under the Indian Income Tax law proceeds on the basis of depreciation allowed year by year with the result that the written down value goes down year after year aid similarly the depreciation. If, therefore, because there was no provision under the Income Tax law applying to the former Portuguese territories providing for depreciation the written down value of an asset is taken as the actual cost even after many years of its acquisition it would mean putting the assessees in those 'territories at an advantage compared to the assessees in the rest of India.
More important, it would not accord with realities and would not be in accordance with the scheme of depreciation under the Indian Income-tax Act. A certain plant and machinery purchased 10 years earlier and now worth half its original value would be taken to be worth its original cost and depreciation allowed on that basis. It is, therefore, necessary to devise some method by which both the assessees in the Indian Territory and the erstwhile Portuguese territory could be put on the same footing and the normal scheme of depreciation under the Indian Income-tax Act made applicable to all. A similar problem arose in the case dealt with in Commissioner of Income Tax, Hyderabad v. Dewan Bahadur Ramgopal Mills Ltd. [1961] 2 S.C.R. 318 dealing with assessees in Hyderabad governed by the Hyderabad Income Tax Act before the Indian Income tax Act was extended to the Hyderabad area and the decision given therein is exactly to the point. [661D-H; 663H] (2) In that case, this Court held that if depreciation actually allowed under the. Hyderabad Income-tax Act alone was taken into account in computing the aggregate depreciation allowance and the written down value an anomalous result would follow, namely, depreciation allowance to be allowed to the assessee in the accounting year under the Indian Income Tax Act would be more than what was allowed in previous years under the Hyderabad Income-tax Act, that this would create a disparity and be against the scheme of the Indian Income tax Act, that it was therefore necessary to explain paragraph 2 of the Removal of Difficulties Order, 1950, (considered to that case) to assimilate or harmonise the position regarding depreciation allowance. This is exactly what was proposed to be dead in the case of the former Portuguese territories by the impugned Order. [663B-H] 643 (3) The decision in Rajngopal Mills was considered in Straw Products Ltd. v. I.T.O. [1968] 2 SCR 1. It was not dissented from and by implication the decision in Ramgopal Mills is still good law. In the Straw Products case the court held that the order impugned in that case sought, in purported exercise of the removal of difficulties power, to remove a difficulty which had not arisen and that therefore it was unauthorised. The Court specifically did not think it necessary to determine to what extent, if any, it would be open to the Central Government by an Order issued in exercise of the power to remove difficulties to make provision which is inconsistent with the provisions of the Indian Income tax Act, nor did it hold that the Order impugned in that case was inconsistent with the provision of the Indian Income-tax Act. It was therefore open to the Central Government, in exercise of its powers under cl. 7, to issue the, impugned order. [665B-G] (4) Under the scheme of the Indian Income tax Act, it was open to the assessee to carry forward the depreciation for any length of time if he had sustained any loss. It could not however, be contended by the assessee in the present case that it will now be very difficult, if not impossible, for the assessee to produce all the accounts of earlier years to show the losses which he had incurred, the depreciation he was entitled to and which he can carry forward. Assessees are expected to and would have maintained accounts at least for the purpose of the Incometax Act, which was in force in the former Portuguese territories, though that Act was a simple one. What is necessary for working out the impugned order is to know whether there was a profit or a loss and as the cost of acquisition of the assets, in respect of which depreciation allowance is claimed, should also be available it should not be very difficult to calculate the depreciation and arrive at the written down value as on the date when the Indian Income-tax Act was extended to the former Portuguese territories. To accede to the claim of the assessee that the original value of the assets should be taken to be the written down value however long they might have been used means that they get an advantage not merely in the first year in which the Indian Income-tax Act was applied to those territories but to enjoy a continued advantage which will last is long as their assets last. [665G-666C] (5) The Order is given retrospective effect, but the Central Government has the power to make an order or give a direction so as to remove, the difficulty from the very beginning, and that is what the Order does. [666F-G] Ramgopal Mills Case, followed.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petitions Nos. 112, 391-394 of 1971 and 330-31 & 382-387 of 1974.
Petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.
A. K. Sen (In W.P. No. 112/71), N. A. Palkhiwala (In W.P.
330331 and 382-387/74), S. P. Mehta, P. C. Bhartari, J. B. Dadachanji, G. C. Mathur, Arati Mehta and Ravinder Narain, for the petitioners.
F. S. Nariman, Additional Solicitor General, P. P. Rao and S. P. Nayar, for the respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by R. S. Sarkaria, J. A. Alagiriswami, J. gave a dissenting Opinion.
SARKARIA, J. These writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution raise a question with regard to the validity of the 2nd Proviso to Clause (3) of the Taxation Laws (Extension to Union Territories) (Removal of Difficulties) Order 2 of 1970. The first five petitions of 1971 were urged earlier by Shri Ashok Sen and the rest have been argued now by Shri N. A. Palkhiwala. They are being disposed of by a common judgment.
The petitioners are carrying on business in the Union Territories of Goa, Daman and Diu. Respondents 1 and 2 are the Union of India and the Income-tax Officer, respectively.
644 Goa, Daman and Diu are erstwhile Portuguese territories which became a part of the Union of India on and from December 19, 1961. Thereupon, the President of India in exercise of powers under Article 240 of the Constitution promulgated the Taxation Laws (Extension to Union Territories) Regulation III of 1963 (for short, the Regulation). By Clause (3) of this Regulation, amongst other laws, the Indian Income-tax Act, 1961 (for short, the Act) was extended to the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu with effect from April 1, 1963 subject to certain modifications, one of which was the insertion of s. 294-A in the Act. Section 294-A gave power to the Central Government to make exemption, reduction or modification in, respect of income-tax to avoid hardship or anomaly or to remove difficulty in the application of the Act to any assessee in the Union Territories of Dadra Nagar Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu etc. The power granting the exemption etc. was exercisable before March 31, 1967. We are not concerned with the Section because the impugned order was not made under it..
By Clause (4) of the Regulation, t~e laws in force in the Union Territory corresponding to the Acts specified in the Schedule, stand repealed from April 1, 1963.
Clause (7) provides "If any difficulty arises in giving effect in any Union Territory to the provisions of any Act, or of any rule, notification or order made or issued there under, the Central Government may, by general or special order published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions or give such directions us appear to it to be expedient or-necessary for the removal of the difficulty.
On November 8, 1970, the Central Government in purported exercise of its powers under Clause (7) of the Regulation promulgated the Taxation Laws (Extension to Union Territories) (Removal of Difficulties) Order No. 2 of 1970 (hereinafter called the 1970 Order). the material part of which runs thus "Whereas certain difficulties have arisen in giving effect to the provisions of the Income tax Act, 1961. in the Union Territories of Goa, Daman, Diu .... Now therefore.... the Central Government hereby makes the following order...
(1) (2) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 1st day of April 1963.
(3) Computation of aggregate depreciation allowable and written down value-In making any assessment under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) all depreciation actually allowed under the local laws shall be taken into account in computing the aggregate of all deductions in respect of depreciation referred to in Clause (1) of subsection (2) of Section 34, and the written down value under sub clause (2) of clause (6) of Section 43 of the said Act.
64 5 Provided that where in respect of any asset, depreciation has been allowed for any year both in the assessment made under the local law and in the assessment made under the Income-tax Act, 1885, the greater of the two sums allowed shall only be taken into account, Provided further that where in respect of any period no depreciation was actually allowed under the local law or the depreciation actually allowed cannot be ascertained, depreciation in respect of that period shall be calculated at the rate for the time being in force under the Income-tax Act, 1961 or under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, or any Act repealed by that Act or under any executive orders, issued when the Indian Income-tax Act, 1886 was in force, as the case may be, and the depreciation so calculated shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed under the local law." As clarified by the Explanation, "local law" in relation to the, Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu means the Portuguese law relating to tax on income as in force immediately before April 1, 1963. In these territories, there was in force a Portuguese law relating to levy of tax, the scheme of which was entirely different from that of the Indian Income-tax Act. Under that law there was no provision for granting depreciation allowance; the net profits and gains of the business were not calculated and the tax was levied at a certain percentage on the gross income or turnover of the business, irrespective of whether the assessee had made profits or suffered losses., After the extension of the Act to Goa, Daman and Diu, the petitioners were assessed under the Act for several assessment years from 1964-65 onwards. In each of the completed assessments, the assessee was allowed depreciation of the assets used by him for his business, on the basis of 'written-down value' under cl. (b) of S. 43(6) road with s.
32. For the assessment year 1964-65 the "written-down value" was taken as the actual cost of the assets to the assessee since no depreciation was actually allowed to him earlier.
In each of the succeeding annual assessments the 'written down value' was progressively reduced by deducting the depreciation actually allowed in the preceding year from the actual cost of the assets.
In the light of the 2nd Proviso to Clause (3) of the 1970 Order, the past completed assessments in the case of these petitioners are being revised. In consequence, the written down value of the assets for calculating the, depreciation allowance even for the first time when the petitioners were assessed under the Act, would not be the actual cost of the assets to the assessee, but a far lower sum with proportionate increase in the petitioners' liability to tax since the assessment year 1964-65.
In the case of petitioners in Writ Petitions 330-331of 1971, the Respondent (Income-tax Officer) has already "revised" the assessment for the year 1965-66, and reduced the depreciation allowed in view of the 1970 Order and in the result raised a higher demand. He has, However, kept that demand in abeyance till the decision of these peti6tions, wherein the validity of the 2nd Proviso (hereinafter called the impugned Proviso) to Clause (3) of the 1970 Order is in question.
Section 2(24) (i) of the Act defines "income" to include "profits and gains". Section 28(i) makes the "profits and gains of any business or profession which was carried on by the assessee at any time during the previous year" chargeable to income-tax. Section 29 requires that the income referred to in S. 28 shall be computed in accordance with the provisions including those for deductions contained in ss. 30 to 43-A. Since the tax is chargeable on "profits and gains" and not on gross receipts, the profits to be assessed must be the real profits computed, subject to the special requirements of the Act in accordance with the ordinary principles of commercial accounting. It follows that it the deduction of a particular item from the incoming of the business, or profession is neither expressly covered by the aforesaid sections, nor prohibited expressly or by necessary implication by those provisions, it can be allowed under S. 28(1) provided on ordinary commercial principles, it is a proper item to be debited against the incoming in ascertaining the "profits and gains" property so-called-see Badridas Degu v. Commissioner of Income-tax(1) and Commissioner of Income-tax v. Plymaun.(2) We have alluded to these general principles for a proper perspective. Dedications by way of depreciation allowance, with which we are directly concerned, have been specifically recognised and dealt with in ss. 3 2, 34 and 43 (6) of the Act.
Section 32 adopts two methods in allowing depreciation. In the case of ocean-going ships depreciation is allowed, year after year, at the fixed prescribed percentage on the original cost of the asset to the assessee s. 32(1)(8).
This has been called the straight-line method. In the case of non-ocean going ships and buildings, machinery, plant or furniture, the prescribed percentage, of depreciation is to be computed on the basis of written-down value of the asset s, 32(1)(ii). This is known as the "written-down value' method. Both these methods seek to ensure that the aggregate of the depreciation allowances granted, year after year, does not exceed hundred per cent of the original cost of the asset. In the straight-line method, however, the entire depreciation is written off sooner than in the 'written-down value' method, if the figures of actual cost of the asset and the prescribed percentage are the same in either case.
Sub-section (2) of s. 32 allows the carry-forward of unabsorbed depreciation allowance to any subsequent year, without any time-limit, where such non-absorption is "owing to there being no profits or gains chargeable for the previous year or owing to the profits or gains being less than the allowance". Depreciation loss under s. 32(2) (2) thus, to a large extent, stands on the same footing as other business losses.
An assessee claiming depreciation of assets has to show that such assets are owned by him and were used by him in the account year for the purpose of his business, the profits of which are being charged s.
(1) 34 I.T.R. 10 (S. C.).
(2) 46 I.T.R. 649 (S.C.).
647 32 (i) ]. Further, the total of all deductions in respect of depreciation under s. 32(i) of the Act or under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (for short, the 1922 Act) or under any Act repealed by that Act, made year after year, should not, in any event, exceed the actual cost of the assets to the assessee s. 34(2)(i).
The definition of "actual cost" is to be found in s. 43(1) and that of "written-down value" in s. 43 (6). The later defines it to mean(a) in the case of assets acquired in the previous year, the ,actual cost to the assessee;
(b) in the case of assets acquired before the previous year, the actual cost to the assessee less all depreciation actually allowed to him under this Act or under the 1922 Act or any Act repealed by that Act, or under any executive Orders issued when the Indian Income-tax Act, 1886 was in force.
(emphasis supplied) The pivot of the definition of "written-down value" is the "actual cost" of the assets. Where the asset was acquired and also used for the business in the previous year, such value would be its full actual cost and depreciation for that year would be allowed at the prescribed rate oh such cost. In subsequent year, depreciation would be calculated on the basis of actual cost less depreciation actually allowed. The key word in clause (b) is "actually". It is the anti-thesis of that which is merely speculative, theoretical or imaginary. "Actually" contraindicates a deeming construction of the word "allowed" which it qualifies. The connotation of. the phrase "actually allowed" is thus limited to depreciation actually taken into account or granted and given effect to, i.e. debited by the Income-tax Officer against the incoming of the business in computing the taxable income of the assessee; it cannot be stretched to mean "nationally allowed" or merely allowable, on a notional basis.
Of course, any depreciation carried forward under s. 32(2) is, in view of Explanation 3 to S. 43(6) considered as depreciation "actually allowed. But such is not the case here.
From the above conspectus, it is clear that the essence of the scheme of the Indian Income-tax Act is, that depreciation is allowed, year after year, on the actual cost of the assets as reduced by depreciation actually allowed in earlier years. it follows, therefore, that even in the case of assets acquired before the previous year, where in the past no depreciation was computed, actually allowed or carried forward, for no fault of the assessee, the "writtendown value" may, under Clause (b) of s. 43 (6), also, be the actual cost of the assets to the assessee.
648 Relying on the ratio of this Court's decision in Straw Products Ltd v. Income-tax Officer, Bhopal(1), learned Counsel for the petitioners have pressed these points into argument (1) The 'arising of a difficulty' in giving effect to the Indian Income-tax Act or rules etc., made thereunder is a condition precedent to the invocation of the power under Clause (7) of the Regulation, and since the existence of that condition had not been established as an objective fact, the Central Government had no power to promulgate the impugned Proviso.
It is stressed that the Act has been applied all these years since its extension in April, 1963 to these Territories without any difficulty.
(2) The power under Clause (7) of the Regulation can be exercised only in a manner consistent with the scheme and essential provisions of the Act. The impugned proviso seeks to amend and change the scheme and basic provisions of the Act inasmuch as it provides, inconsistently with ss.43(6) and 32 of the Act, for determining the written-down value on the basis of a notional depreciation in cases in which no depreciation was actually allowed.
(3) In any case, it would be impossible to work the impugned Proviso.
Mr. Nariman, learned Additional Solicitor-General, submits, in reply, that difficulties had arisen in the application of the provisions of the Act in the matter of allowing depreciation to assessees in these Union Territories. But for the impugned provisions, it is contended, such assessees would not have been entitled to claim depreciation allowance either under clause (a) or under clause (b) of s.43(6) read with s.32 of the Act. Clause (a) could not apply to these cases because the assets were acquired before the year immediately preceding April 1,1963. Clause (b) would not cover their case because, firstly, under the scheme of the Act, the written-down value of assets acquired several years earlier cannot be ,taken as their full actual cost, and, secondly, the Portuguese law, under which they were formerly assessed, was not repealed by the Indian Income-tax Act, but by the Regulation. It is argued that in s.43(6) read with s.32, there is an implied prohibition against allowing depreciation on the actual cost of the assets which were not acquired in the previous year. This difficulty, says the Counsel, had to be removed to enable the petitioners to claim just depreciation allowance. If it is assumed proceeds the argument that s. 43 (6) is applicable to the 'case of these assessees and the depreciation has to be calculated on the original full cost of the assets despite their being old and worn out by use over the years, such a course would. be wholly divorced from realities, and give the assessees in Goa, Daman and Diu an undue advantage over the assessees in India. This resultant disparity, it is urged, was a difficulty and the (1)[1968] 2 S.C.R. 1.
649 impugned Proviso removes it by bringing the assessees in the former Portuguese Territories at par with the assessees who had suffered taxation under the Act.
Learned Counsel further maintains that the decision in Straw Products' case does not advance the case of the petitioners, rather it supports the Revenue. In this connection, Counsel has invited our attention to the observations of this Court at pp. 8 and 13 of the Report in Straw Products' case (supra) to the effect that by the application,of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, to the merged States "a difficulty did arise in the matter of determining the depreciation allowance under s. 10(2)(vi)" which corresponds to s.32(1)(ii) of the 1961 Act, and that this "difficulty" was removed by the Taxation Laws Merged States Removal of Difficulties Order 1949.
It is further contended that once it was found that such a difficulty had arisen, the Central Government could, in the legitimate exercise of its powers under Clause (7) of the Regulation, exercise of the same by providing that allowances, where they were, not actually allowed, should be deemed to have been allowed for the purpose of depreciation in prior years. On this point reliance has been placed on Commissioner of Income-tax, Madhya Pradesh v. Straw Products(1) and Commissioner of Income-tax Hyderabad v.
Dewan Bahadur RamGopal Mills Ltd.(2).
Since both sides rely, more or less, on the decision of this Court in Straw Products Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer, Bhopal (supra) and the other two authorities cited have also been noticed therein, it will be appropriate to examine the same in detail.
The assessee therein was a Company formed in 1937 in Bhopal' State and was exempted by the Ruler of that State from payment of' all taxes for a period of ten years expiring on October 31, 1948. The State of Bhopal merged with India on August 1, 1949. The Taxation Laws (Extension to Merged States and Amendments) Act 67 of 1949, which replaced the earlier Ordinance 21 of 1949, extended with effect from April 1, 1949, to the merged States, amongst other Acts. the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 and by s. 7 the laws in force in the merged States corresponding to the extended Act stood repealed Section 6 contained a "removal of difficulty clause" which was substantially the same as Clause 7 of the Regulation in the present case. Section 6 provided "If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of any Act, rule or order extended by Section 3 to the merged States, the Central Government may, by order, make such provisions or give such directions as appear to it to be necessary for removal of the difficulty." The Central Government in exercise of its power under Clause (8) of Ordinance 21 of 1949 (which corresponds to Section 6 of Act (1) [1964] 2 S.C.R. 881, 887. (2) [1961] 2 S.C.R. 318, 325.
650 67 of 1949) issued the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal ,of Difficulties) Order, 1949, clause(2) of which provided :
"In making any, assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of a merged State relating to income-tax and supertax, shall be taken into account in computing the aggregate depreciation allowance referred to in sub-clause (c) of the Proviso to clause (vi) of sub-section (2) and the written down value under clause (b) of sub-s. (5) of section IO of the said Act.
Provided that where in respect of any asset, depreciation has been allowed for any year both in the assessment made in the merged State and in British India, the greater of the two sums allowed shall only be taken into account." According to clause (2) of the above Order, in computing the profits and gains of the business carried on by the assessee for determining the tax payable by it for the assessment year 1949-50, depreciation allowed under Section 10(2) (vi) of the 1922 Act was taken as a percentage of the original cost to the assessee of the assets used by it for its business, and in the four subsequent years the written down value of the assets admissible for depreciation was determined on that basis. The Income-tax Officer then revised the assessments in respect of the assessment years 1952-53 and 1953-54 and recomputed its taxable income on the footing that since the commencement of the business the assessee must be deemed nationally to have been allowed depreciation under the Bhopal Income-tax Act. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal disagreed with the Income-tax Officer and restored the original assessment. On a reference made by the Appellate Tribunal, the High Court held in favour of the assessee.
The Income-tax Commissioner appealed to this Court. During the pendency of that appeal, the Central Government in exercise of its power under s.6 of the Act 67 of 1949 issued an Order called the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Amendment Order, 1962, adding this Explanation to the order of 1949 "Explanation-For the purpose of this paragraph, the ,expression all depreciation actually allowed under any laws ,or rules of a Merged State means and shall be deemed always to have meant (a) the aggregate allowance for depreciation taken into account in computing the written down value under any laws or rules in force in a merged State or carried forward under the said laws or rules, and (b) in cases where income had been exempted from tax under any laws or rules in force in a merged State or under any assessment with a Ruler the depreciation that would have been allowed had the income not been so exempted.
651 This Court held in Commissioner of Income-tax, Madhya Pradesh v. Straw Products Ltd. (supra) that the expression actually allowed" in the Removal of Difficulties Order 1949, meant allowance actually given effect to, but by virtue of the Explanation, added by the aforesaid Order of 1962, the correct basis for computing the written down value of the depreciable assets for the relevant period was the one adopted by the Income-tax officer. This Court then declined to examine the challenge to the validity of the (Removal of Difficulties) Amendment Order, 1962, for the reason that an authority or court administering the Act cannot permit a challenge to be raised against the vires of the Act.
The assessee thereafter challenged the vires of the 1962 Order by a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution. The Petition was dismissed and the assessee appealed to this Court on a certificate granted by the High Court. The Court first examined clause (2) of the Removal of Difficulties Order of 1949, which corresponds to the unchallenged part of paragraph (3) of the 1970 Order, and held it to be, valid on the ground that since the Income-tax Acts of the merged States had not been repealed by the 1922 Act, a difficulty had arisen in taking into account all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of a merged State relating to income-tax for the purpose of computing the aggregate depreciation allowance referred to in sub-clause (c) of the Proviso to S. 10(2)(vi) of the 1922 Act, and that the 1949 Order did no more than removing this difficulty.
The Court then proceeded to examine the challenge to the validity of sub-clause (g) of the Explanation added by the 1962 Order. In this connection, contentions (1) and (2) canvassed in that case were precisely the same which have now been raised before us on behalf of the petitioners.
Both these contentions were accepted by the Court and, as a result, the aforesaid sub-clause (b) of the Explanation was struck down. In that context, Shah J. (as he then was) speaking for the Beach constituted by seven learned Judges, observed "Exercise of the power to make provisions or to issue directions as may appear necessary to the Central Government is conditioned by the existence of a difficulty arising in giving effect to the provisions of any Act, rule or order. The section does not make the arising of the. difficulty a matter of subjective satisfaction. of the Government; it is a condition precedent to the exercise of power and existence of the condition, if challenged, must be established as an objective fact." The Court held that after the promulgation of the 1949 Order no difficulty survived or arose in giving effect to the provisions of s.10 of the 1922 Act. In that connection, it was observed :
"It is impossible, on the words used in s.10(5) clause (b) read with the 1949 Order, to hold that-the written down value of the assessee in a merged State could not be determined and with a view to remove that difficulty the impugned 652 Order was promulgated. The fact that the assets were acquired by a person at a time when he was not an assessee under the Indian Income-tax Act or under the State Act not disable him, when he is assessed to tax on the profits will the business, from claiming the benefit of the depreciation allowance on those assets if used for the purpose of the business." (emphasis added) The Court noted that the impugned provision of the 1962 Order seeks to alter the connotation of the expression "depreciation actually allowed." It then towards the end concluded "To sum up : the power conferred by s. 6 of Act 67 of 1949 is a power to r emove a difficulty which arose in the application of the Indian Income-tax Act to the merged States : it can be exercised in the manner consistent with the scheme and essential provisions of the Act and for the purpose for which it is conferred. The impugned Order which seeks in purported exercise of the power, to remove a difficulty which had not arisen was, therefore, unauthorised." A comparative study of Explanation (b) in the 1962 Order, which was being challenged in Straw Products' case, and the second Proviso to Clause (3) of Order 2 of 1970, which is the target of attack from the petitioners' side in the instant case, reveals a striking similarity between the two impugned provisions. There, the 1962 Order envisaged cases of assessees from a merged State who had not been actually allowed depreciation of the assets because of their being exempted by the Ruler of that State from payment of incometax. In the case in hand, also, the impugned proviso seeks to cover the case of an assessee, who before the merger of these Territories in the Union of India, had not been allowed depreciation because the law by which he was government was not a law imposing tax on the gross turnover of the business, irrespective of profits or losses, and, as such, did not recognise any claim to depreciation. Further, in both the cases, the impugned provisions seek to change the essence of the definition of "written-down value" and scheme of the Indian Income-tax Act relating to depreciation allowance, by substituting "depreciation fictionally allowed" for "depreciation actually allowed." This, the Court held, the Central Government was not competent to do under the garb of removing a "difficulty" which was not proved to have arisen.
In Straw Products' case it was averred in the writ petition by the assessee that 'no difficulty had arisen in giving effect to the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act 1922," and as such, there was no question of the exercise of any power under Section 6 of the Merged States Act "for the purpose of passing the impugned Order of 1962. This allegation was denied by the Respondents, and it was contended on their behalf that the "arising of a difficulty" in the enforcement of the Income-tax Act was a matter for subjective satisfaction of the Government.
653 Precisely similar pleas have been taken in the affidavits of the parties in the present case (vide W.Ps.112,391-394 of 1971). The position here is very much the same as was in Straw Products' case (supra) Here also, the Respondents' plea, in substance, is that there is a deficiency or omission in the provisions of ss.32 and 43(6) of the (1961 Act and unless the deficiency or omission was supplied, it would be difficult for the Central Government to collect tax and allow depreciation to assessees like the petitioners to the same extent or at the same rate at which it has been collected from or allowed to assessees who have throughout been assessed under the Indian Income-tax Act.
This raises two questions : (1) Is this a 'difficulty' within the contemplation of Clause (7) of the Regulation ? (2) Is the Central Government in the exercise of its power under that Clause competent to supply a deficiency or cases omission of this nature ? For reasons that follow( the answers to both these questions must be in the negative.
For a proper appreciation of the points involved, it is necessary to have a general idea of the nature and purpose of a "removal of difficulty clause" and the power conferred by it on the Government.
To keep pace with the rapidly increasing responsibilities of a Welfare democratic, State, the legislature has to turn out a plethora of hurried legislation, the volume of which is often matched with its complexity. Under conditions of extreme pressure, with heavy demands on the time of the legislature and the endurance and skill of the draftsman, it is well nigh impossible to foresee all the circumstances to deal with which a statute is enacted or to anticipate all the difficulties that might arise in its working due to peculiar local conditions or even a local law. This is particularly true when Parliament undertakes legislation which gives a new dimension to socioeconomic activities of the State or extends the existing Indian laws to new territories or areas freshly merged in the Union of India.
In order to obviate the necessity of approaching the legislature for removal of every difficulty, howsoever trivial, encountered in the enforcement of a statute, by going through the time-consuming amendatory process, the legislature sometimes thinks it expedient to invest the Executive with a very limited power to make minor adaptations and peripheral adjustments in the statute, for making its implementation effective, without touching its substance. That is why the "removal, of difficulty clause", once frowned upon and nick-named us "Henry VIII Clause" in scornful commemoration of the absolutist ways in which that English King got the "difficulties" in enforcing his autocratic will removed through the instrumentality of a servile Parliament, now finds acceptance as a practical necessity, in several Indian statutes of post independence era.
Now let us turn to Clause (7) of the Regulation. It will be seen that the power given by it is not uncontrolled or unfettered. It is strictly circumscribed, and its use is conditioned and restricted. The existence or arising of a "difficulty" is the sine qua non for the exercise 654 of the power. If this condition precedent is not satisfied as an objective fact, the power under this Clause cannot, be invoked at au. Again, the "difficulty" contemplated by the Clause must be a difficulty arising in giving effect to the provisions of the Act and not a difficulty arising aliunde, or an extraneous difficulty. Further, the Central Government can exercise the power under the Clause only to the extent it is necessary for applying or giving effect to the Act etc., and no further. It may slightly tinker with the Act to round off angularities, and smoothen the joints or remove minor obscurities to make it workable, but it cannot change, disfigure or do violence to the basic structure and primary features of the Act. In no case, can it, under the guise of removing a difficulty, change the scheme and essential provisions of the Act.
The above principles, particularly the distinction between a 'difficulty' which falls within the purview of the Removal of Difficulty Clause and one which falls outside it, finds ample illustration in the 1949 Order and the impugned provision of the 1962 Order which came up for consideration in Straw Products' case (supra). Excepting the reference to the corresponding provision of the 1922 Act, the language of the 1949 Order was the same as that of the unimpugned part of clause (3) of Order 2 of 1970 in the present case. The 1949 Order related to the removal of a difficulty which bad arisen in giving effect to the provisions of s.10(2) (vi) Proviso (c) and s.10(5) (b) of the 1922 Act, corresponding to s.34 (2) (i) and s.43 (6) (b) of the Act of 1961. This difficulty had arisen because the income-tax laws of the merged States were not repealed by the Indian Income-tax Act but by the Taxation Laws (Extension to Merged States and Amendment) Act 67 of 1949. Owing to this, the depreciation actually allowed under the laws of the merged States could not be taken into account in computing the aggregate depreciation allowance referred to in sub-s.(2) (vi).
Proviso (c) or the written down value under clause (b) of sub-s.(5) of s.10 of the 1922 Act. If this difficulty had not been removed, anomalous results would have followed.
The written down value of the assets acquired before the previous year would have been taken as the original cost of the assets without deduction of the depreciation actually allowed in the past under the State laws. This would have given to the assessees in the merged States, a benefit, inconsistently with the scheme of s.10 of the 1922 Act, exceeding in the aggregate even the original cost of the assets.
The 1949 order removed this difficulty. In terms, it did no more than directing that if under the income-tax laws of a merged State any depreciation was actually allowed, it was to be taken into account in ascertaining the written-down value of the assets. Far from supplanting or changing the essence of the essential provisions of the Act relating to depreciation and written down value, it gave effect, life and meaning to them.
The, observations in Straw Products Ltd's case (supra) to the effect, that "by the extension of the Income-tax Act, 1922, the rules and the orders made thereunder to the areas of the merged States, 655 undoubtedly numerous difficulties arose" and it was, therefore, necessary to devise machinery for removing those, difficulties"-On which Shri Nariman relies-were made by this Court in the context of the 1949 Order. They did not relate to the then impugned provision of the 1962 Order.
The 1962 Order, Explanation (b), is an instance of an Order foreign to the Removal of Difficulty Clause. The so-called "difficulty" which was sought to be 'removed' by that Order was not a 'difficulty' of the kind contemplated by that Clause, because it did not, in fact, arise in the application or enforcement of the Income-tax Act, but dehors it. No difficulty in implementing the scheme of the 1922 Act read with the 1949 Order existed as an objective fact.
The 1962 Order, Explanation (b), purported to substitute in s.10(5) (b) of the 1922 Act (as adopted by the 1949 Order)'depreciation notionally allowed' for "depreciation actually allowed". This the Central Government was not competent to do under that Clause because "depreciation actually allowed" was the linchpin of the statutory definition of "written-down value". Indeed, the 1962 Order sought to amend the essential provisions of the Income-tax Act in an attempt to collect tax which in the opinion of the Central Government, the tax-payer could and should pay but to recall the words of this Court--"which has not been imposed by adequate legislation". In the present cases, also, the impugned Proviso of the 1970 Order seeks to do the same thing by raising the taxable income of the assessee, in consistently with the scheme of the Act of 1961.
Although the language of the impugned Proviso, in the present case, is not identical with that of Explanation (b) of the 1962 Order in the Straw Products Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax (supra) yet the sum, substance and the device for replacing depreciation "actually allowed" by depreciation "fictionally allowed" are the same.
True, that under the income-tax law of the merged State, depreciation was allowable, and 1962 Order, Explanation (b) was intended to cover cases where no depreciation was actually allowed on account of the exemption of the assessee, from tax under a State law or a rule or under an agreement with the Ruler of a merged State (whose word was law); whereas in the instant case depreciation was not allowed because it was not computed under the Portuguese Law. But this is a distinction without a difference. As noticed already, the Portuguese law was not a law imposing tax on net income. That law levied tax on gross-receipts and not on the profits and gains of a business. It would not be, wrong to say that before the merger, in these territories, there was no income-tax in the sense the tax is under stood under the Indian Income-tax Act. In principle, therefore, there would be no difference between a case where one person is exempted from income tax under the law, and a case where all are exempted, there being no income-tax law.
We are unable to accept the contention that but for the impugned Proviso, the provisions of s. 32 and s. 43 (6) (b) of the 1961 Act on 656 its extension to Goa, Daman and Diu could not be given effect to and applied to the assessees in those territories.
There could be no difficulty in computing the 'written down value. of the assets that had been acquired by teh petitioners before the previous year, under clause (b) of s. 43(6). Since no depreciation was, in fact, allowed to the petitioners in the past under the Portuguese law in the first assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, the written down value would, under " clause (b) work out to be the actual cost of the assets less nil. Thereafter, in each succeeding year the depreciation actually allowed in the preceding year would be deducted causing yearly diminution of the written down value with consequent decrease in the depreciation allowed on that basis. Exactly, this was the manner in which the written down value of the assets of the petitioners has been computed and depreciation allowed for several assessment years from 1964-65 ,onwards. This itself demonstrates that there was no difficulty in applying the aforesaid provisions to the cases of these assessees.
We find no merit in the argument that the impugned Proviso brings about equality of treatment among different assessees in India. The law on the point was declared by this Court in Straw Products Ltd.'s case about seven years back. If that decision did not correctly interpret the intendment of the Legislature, the Parliament would have nullified its effect by legislation. As a result, no assessee, in the Territories of the erstwhile Part B States and Merged States has suffered the disadvantage of depreciation being deducted on notional basis in determining the written down value, when in fact, no depreciation had been actually allowed under the former local laws. Similarly, no assessee in British India suffered such fictional deduction of depreciation when it had not been actually allowed earlier.
The impugned Proviso, therefore, far from ensuring parity of treatment puts the assessee in Union Territories in a worse position than the assessees in the rest of India.
We may now notice this Court's decision in Commissioner of Income-tax, Hyderabad v. Dewan Bahadur Ramgopal Mills Ltd.
(supra), relied upon by Shri Nariman. The facts of that case were that prior to January 29, 1950, when the erstwhile State of Hyderabad was merged in the Union of India, the respondent company therein was assessed to income-tax under the Hyderabad Income-tax Act, by which depreciation allowance was granted to it on the basis of the written down value of its assets in accordance with cl.(c) of s.12 of that Act. After the merger, the Hyderabad Income-tax Act was repealed, and by ss.3 and 12 of the Finance Act 1950, the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was extended to that area.
Under the Removal of Difficulty Clause ie. s. 12 of the Finance Act, the Central Government on December 2, 1950, issued the Removal of Difficulties. Order, 1950. Paragraph 2 of the Order provided that "in making any assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of Part B State .... shall be taken into account in computing the aggregate depreciation allowance referred to in Proviso (c) to s. 10 (2) (vi) and the written down value under s.10(5) (b) of the said Act". For the assessment year 1951-52 657 the, respondent company was assessed for the first time under the 1922 Act, aid on the basis of para 2 of the 1950 Order, it claimed depreciation allowance by working out the, value of the assets at their inception and deducting there from such depreciation as was allowed for the three assessment years in which it was assessed under the Hyderabad income-tax Act. The matter was brought to this Court and while, it was pending here, on May 8, 1956, the Central Government issued another order under s.12 of Finance Act, 1950, reenacting and adding this Explanation to the, aforesaid para 2 :
"For the purpose, of paragraph 2, expression 'depreciation actually allowed' under any laws or rules of a Part B State means and shall be deemed to have always meant the aggregate allowance for depreciation taken into account in computing the written down value under any laws or rules of a Part B State or carried forward under the said laws or rules." The Company challenged the validity of Para 2 of the Order, particularly the Explanation inter alia on the ground that it was ultra vires the powers conferred on Central Government by Section 12 of the Finance Act, 1950. 'Ibis Court upheld the, validity of the impugned provision.
Therein, it was manifest that in applying the provisions of s.10(5) (b) of the 1922 Act to the assessees from Hyderabad (a Part B State), there was an initial difficulty because the Hyderabad income-tax Act had been repealed not by the 1922 Act but by the Finance Act, 1950. This difficulty could be validly removed by making an Order under s.12 of the Finance Act, 1950. Attempt to remove it by issuing the 1950 Order did not completely achieve its object. In its application that Order led to an anomalous result, namely, the written down value of the assets and the allowance to be allowed on its basis to the assessee in the accounting year on first assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act, would be more than what it was allowed in previous years under the Hyderabad Income-tax Act. It was to remove this difficulty and to harmonise the position as to depreciation with the scheme of the Indian Income-tax Act that the impugned Explanation was added by the 1956 Order.
It will be seen that under the Hyderabad Income-tax Act, depreciation allowance had actually been allowed to the assessees on the basis of written down value calculated according to the mechanism provided in that Act. After the promulgation of the 1950 Order, the only difficulty that remained was caused by the different rates at which depreciation had actually been taken into account and allowed under the Hyderabad Income-tax Act. The Explanation added by the 1956 Order, in effect, did no more than explaining that in paragraph 2 of 1950 Order, "all depreciation actually taken into account by the Income-tax Officer in computing the written down value under the Hyderabad Incometax Act means "all depreciation actually allowed." As has been said already and it needs to be said again, the words "depreciation actually allowed" in s. 43 (6) (b) connote depreciation that has actually been taken into account and given effect to by the 658 Income-tax authorities in the computation of the, profits and gains of the, business in assessing income-tax for earlier years The, said Explanation did not, change that basic connotation, it only clarified it. Thus in issuing the 1950 Order and the 1956 Order, adding the Explanation the Central Government in that case, did not over-step the limits of the power delegated to it under s.12 of the Finance Act, 1950. The impugned provision in the D. B. Ram Gopal Mills case (supra) corresponds to clause (2) and Explanation (a) thereto of the 1949 Order and the substantive part of clause (3) of the 1970 Order, it is not analogous to the impugned Proviso in the instant case.
The situation before us is materially different. Here, no depreciation was ever computed or actually allowed to the assessees under the Portuguese Law. Indeed, under, thatlaw the. tax was levied not on net income but on gross turnover of the business. There wag, strictly speaking,, no assessment of tax on, real "profits and gains" of a business, the tax being levied on gross receipts on ad hoc basis'. Allowing or taking into account depreciation of assets was out of question in that process of assessment.
In the case in hand, the imputed Proviso seeks to introduce a new concept of calculating depreciation. By replacing "depreciation actually allowed" with "depreciation deemed to have been allowed" by a fiction of law, even where no depreciation was at allallowed under any law outside the taxation territories, it, ineffect, attempts to change the fundamental scheme of the Act.
D. B. Ram Gopal Mills's, case (supra) was noticed, explained and distinguished in, Straw Products Ltd's case (supra). It was observed that the former "did not support the view that the arising of a difficulty is a matter for the subjective satisfaction of the Central Government" The precedent case is not in pari materia with D. B. Ram Gopal Mills' case. It is in line with Straw Products Ltd. v.
Income-tax Commissioner, and. the, ratio of the latter decision and the observations madetherein with regard, to the then impugned Order of 1962 apply with full force to the impugned Proviso in the instant case.
In the light of what has been said above, we accept contentions (1) and (2) advanced on behalf of the petitioners.
Be that as it may, the last contention canvassed by Mr. Palkhiwala is a clincher. The argument is that the impugned Proviso is not workable, because, under the Portuguese law there was no tax on income at all. These Territories were merged with India on December 19, 1961, and the Indian Income-tax Act was extended to these Territories from April 1, 1963. During this interregnums, it is contended, the was no law either Portuguese or Indian, under which the income 659 if those prior years could be computed. If there is a loss, or profit is inadequate to absorb the depreciation, latter can be carried forward without limit of time. Owing to the absence of any tax law during the aforesaid interregnum, proceeds the argument, the petitioners would not have the benefit of carry-forward' of depreciation form any year prior to 1963, and, thus, the impugned Proviso instead. of removing any difficulty, would create serious difficulties and legal complications.
There is a good deal of force in this contention.
It has been noticed earlier that the tax imposed under the Portuguese law was, in reality, a 'turn-over' tax and not a tax on the income of a business. The levy was exacted on gross receipts, irrespective of loss or profit. Thereafter, during the interregnum between December 19, 1661 and April 1, 1963, there .was in force no law authorising the, levy of income-tax in these Territories. We have also seen that under the Act an assess
