Delhi High Court

C.I.T. vs Jagatjit Industries Limited on 6 September, 2010

Author: Dipak Misra,Chief Justice

*               HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI

                            Judgment Reserved on : 6th August, 2010
%                           Judgment Pronounced on: 6th September, 2010

+      ITA No.848/2010

       C.I.T.                                             ..... Petitioner
                            Through:     Mrs.Prem Lata Bansal, Advocate
                Versus

       JAGATJIT INDUSTRIES LIMITED               ..... Respondent

                 Through:      Ms. Satyen Sethi, Advocate

       CORAM:
       HON'BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE
       HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE MANMOHAN

1. Whether reporters of the local papers be allowed to see the judgment?Yes

2. To be referred to the Reporter or not? Yes

3. Whether the judgment should be reported in the Digest? Yes

DIPAK MISRA, CJ

The present appeal preferred under Section 260A of the Income Tax

Act, 1961 (for brevity „the Act‟) was admitted on the following substantial

question of law:

"Whether ITAT was correct in law in deleting the addition applying Rule of consistency holding that such a practice was adopted by the assessee and accepted by the Department in past?"

2. The facts that have been depicted are that the respondent-assessee is

engaged in the business of manufacturing and sale of Indian made foreign

liquor, country liquor, malted milk food, SMP, Ghee, Glass and Plastic

Containers, etc. It also manufactures malted milk food products for M/s

SmithKline Beechem Consumer Health Care Ltd. and Ghee for M/s Milk

Food Ltd. In the course of assessment proceedings, the assessing officer

noticed that the assessee was maintaining mercantile system of accounting

and had claimed expenses amounting to Rs.14,55,720/- under the head „prior

period expenses‟ pertaining to earlier years. The auditor, in column 22(b) of

the Tax Audit Report, stated that prior period expenses amounting to

Rs.14,55,720/- had been debited to the Profit & Loss Account. The assessee

in pursuance of notice under Section 143(2) appeared before the Assessing

Officer and was required to explain the nature of the expenses covered under

the said head. He was asked to further explain why the said amount should

not be disallowed. The assessee by letter dated 11.12.2006 submitted the

details of the expenses clubbed in prior period expenses in the Tax Audit

Report. The Assessing Officer noticed that a loss on the sale of fixed assets

amounting to Rs.23,813/- had already been added back by the assessee while

computing his total income. He also filed a copy of the notice from the

Chief Administrative Officer, New Okhla Industrial Development Authority,

wherein the lease rent of industrial plot 35-C, Sector-57, Noida had been

increased with retrospective effect. The total demand raised was for

Rs.1,02,982/- out of which an amount of Rs.17,373.78/- pertained to the

financial year 2003-04 and the rest, that is, Rs.85,608/- related to the prior

period. As the assessee had received notice for the said payment pertaining

to the earlier year during the current year, the same was allowed as an

expenditure crystallized during that year. The Assessing Officer scrutinized

the letter of explanation dated 11.12.2006 which pertains to various

expenses like security expenses, LTA, rent, payments to staff members,

managerial remuneration, legal and professional expenses, sales promotion

expenses, miscellaneous expenses and repair and maintenance expenses

under the head „prior period expenses‟. The nature of expenditure as was

observed by the Assessing Officer could easily be classified as provisions

made for the said expenditure in the year in which the expenditure was

incurred.

3. Considering the submissions of the assessee, the Assessing Officer

held that the nature of the expenses was such that they had occurred and

crystallized during the earlier years. It was further held that as the same had

been crystallized during the relevant year, the same could not be allowed in

the later years. Being of this view, the Assessing Officer came to hold that

the assessee had claimed Rs.13,46,299/- as expenditure of prior period

allowable in the current year and, accordingly, disallowed the same. After

disallowing the same, he initiated a proceeding under Section 271(1)(c) of

the Act on the ground that the assessee had furnished inaccurate particulars

of income.

4. Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid order, the assessee preferred an

appeal before the CIT(A) forming the subject matter of appeal No.523/06-07

wherein the first appellate authority came to hold that the assessee-appellant

was maintaining the mercantile system of accounting and it had different

offices spread throughout the country and hence, at the end of the financial

year, it was not possible to account for all the expenditure incurred by the

various branches. The CIT(A) further observed that there may be certain

increase in the rate and, hence, the difference was paid in the subsequent

years. Vouchers have been received from the employees after 31st March of

the financial year for the expenses incurred in the previous year. It was held

by it that looking into the turnover of several hundred crores, such an

expenditure which had spilled over other financial years could not be

debited. It was also held that regard being had to the business practice of the

assessee and keeping in view the accounting system, the addition of

Rs.13,46,299/- deserved to be deleted and, accordingly, it was so directed.

5. Grieved by the aforesaid order, the revenue preferred an appeal before

the tribunal. The tribunal has held thus:

"From the facts sated above it is clear that the assessee has been claiming prior period expenses on the ground that the vouchers of such expenses from employees/branch offices were received after 31st March. The assessee had its branch offices throughout the country. As per past business practice, the expenditure spilled over to next year had been debited in the subsequent year and the same were claimed and allowed by the Assessing Officer. This accounting practice has been consistently followed by the assessee and accepted by the department. Therefore, the rule of consistency has to be followed. In our considered view, Ld.CIT(A) has rightly deleted the addition following the business practice adopted by assessee and accepted by the department for past so many years. Accordingly, we do not find any infirmity in the order passed by Ld.CIT(A) in deleting the addition of Rs.13,46,299/-."

6. We have heard Mrs. Prem Lata Bansal, learned counsel for the

appellant, and Mr. Satyen Sethi, learned counsel for the respondent.

7. It is contended by Mrs.Prem Lata Bansal that the tribunal has fallen

into grave error by affirming the order of the CIT(A) solely on the ground

that the assessee has been following the mercantile system of accounting

consistently and the said business practice deserved to be accepted though

there was a Tax Audit Report which clearly pointed out that the said sum

had been debited by the assessee to the Profit & Loss Account. The learned

counsel has commended us to the decision in CIT v. British Paints India

Ltd., (1991) 188 ITR 45 (SC).

8. At the very outset, we may note with profit that there is no dispute

that the assessee was following the mercantile system of accounting. There

is also material on record that as per the past business practice the

expenditure spilled over to the next year and was debited in the second year

which was allowed by the assessing officer. The tribunal, as is evincible,

has followed the principle of consistency.

9. The submission of Mrs. Prem Lata Bansal, learned counsel for the

revenue, is that the assessing officer had dealt with the issues by ascribing

cogent and germane reasons but the CIT(A) as well as the tribunal, without

appreciating the same from proper perspective and without dwelling upon

the relevant aspects, have adopted a laconic approach which immensely

exposits the perversity of approach. It is canvassed by her that had the

approach been different and had there been a detailed discussion by way of

proper and apposite advertence to the facts by the tribunal, the conclusion

would have been different. Mr. Sethi, learned counsel for the

assessee/respondents sounding a contra note, has contended that both the

first appellate authority as well as the tribunal have kept themselves abreast

with the factual situation in entirety and taken note of the business practice

prevalent in the previous years and, therefore, it would be totally incorrect to

say that there is perversity of approach. It is urged by him that the colossal

complaint made by the revenue that the order of the tribunal or, for that

matter, the order of the CIT(A) is a cryptic one or a laconic one, has no legs

to stand upon as there has been appropriate ratiocination of the factual

matrix which is the heart and soul of the order. It is contended by him that

consistency has to be maintained and when a particular method of

accountancy, a recognized one, has been accepted by the tribunal, the same

cannot be given a go-by as that would tantamount to paving the path of

deviancy without any seemly justification.

10. In this context, we may refer to the decision in Director of Income

Tax (Exemption) and another v. Apparel Exports Promotion Council

(No.1), [2000] 244 ITR 734 (Delhi) wherein it has been held that when there

was no material change in the activities of the assessee as compared to the

earlier years, the question of exemption under Section 11 of the Act which

had been examined in earlier years cannot be raised again though the

doctrine of res judicata would not strictly apply to income tax proceedings,

yet in order to maintain consistency, the revenue could not be permitted to

take up stale issues merely because the scope of appeal is wider than a

reference.

11. A Division Bench of the Gauhati High Court in CIT V. Doom Dooma

India Ltd. [1993] 200 ITR 496 (Gauhati) while dealing the concept of

Section 145 of the Act has held as under:-

"It is for the assessee to adopt any recognised method of accounting for his business. The income shall be computed in accordance with the method of accounting regularly employed by the assessee. In other words, it is open to the assessee to opt for such method of accounting as he deems reasonable and appropriate. He may opt to adopt the manufacturing cost price method or the market price method provided the method is followed in regard to both the opening stock and the closing stock. It is not open to him to adopt one method for valuing the opening stock and a different method for valuing the closing stock so as to intentionally suppress the income derived or derivable in the particular previous year. Even where an assessee has adopted a particular method for a period of years, there is no provision of law which prevents him from changing to any other method, provided the change-over is not made in the same assessment year."

12. In CIT V. Guttoffnungashutto Sterkrado, [1992] 197 ITR 66

(Orissa), it has been ruled thus:-

"We have heard learned counsel for the Department. From the records, we find that a similar dispute, i.e., whether the income has to be assessed on "complete contract" basis, was before the Tribunal for the assessment years 1965-66 and 1966-67. The Tribunal recorded a categorical finding that no defect in the accounts maintained by the assessee was pointed out by the Assessing Officer and, on the contrary, the profits of the assessee can be correctly determined from the method of accounting adopted by it. With these conclusions, the orders of the Commissioner of Income-tax passed under section 263 of the Act were set aside, and the orders of the Income-tax Officer were restored. It is not in dispute that the Revenue has not assailed the correctness of the conclusions of the Tribunal. The fact situation being identical, the Tribunal followed its earlier judgment and observed that the "complete contract" basis was the correct mode for determination of the assessee‟s income and its income can be correctly determined from the method of accounting adopted by it. It, therefore, upheld the direction of

the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) given to the Assessing Officer for redoing the assessments on the "complete contract" basis. The question that has been referred to this court is whether the profits can be properly deduced from the method employed by the assessee by maintaining its accounts on "complete work" basis and by the method of dividing the net profit yearwise in proportion to the yearly gross receipts. The question whether the method employed by the assessee by maintaining its accounts on a particular basis will be sufficient for determination of profits is essentially one of fact. Whether the income, profits and gains could or could not be properly deduced from the method of accounting regularly adopted by the assessee is a question of fact. (see Chhabildas Tribhuvandas Shah v. CIT [1966] 59 ITR 733 (SC). Therefore, in our opinion, no question of law arises out of the order of the Tribunal. . . ."

[Emphasis supplied]

13. In Saurashtra Cement & Chemical Industries Ltd. V. Commissioner

of Income Tax, [1995] 213 ITR 523(Gujarat), the Division Bench has

expressed thus:-

"Merely because an expense relates to a transaction of an earlier year it does not become a liability payable in the earlier year unless it can be said that the liability was determined and crystallized in the year in question on the basis of maintaining accounts on the mercantile basis. In each case where the accounts are maintained on the mercantile basis it has to be found in respect of any claim, whether such liability was crystallized and quantified during the previous year so as to be required to be adjusted in the books of account of that previous year. If any liability, though relating to the earlier year, depends upon making a demand and its acceptance by the assessee and such liability has been actually claimed and paid in the later previous years it cannot be disallowed as deduction merely on the basis the accounts are maintained on mercantile basis and that it related to a transaction of the previous year. The true profits and gains of a previous year are required to be computed for the purpose of determining tax liability. The basis of taxing income is accrual of income as well as actual receipt. If for want of necessary material crystallizing the expenditure is not in existence in respect of which such income or expenses relate, the mercantile system does not call for adjustment in the books of account on estimate basis. It is actually known income or expenses, the right to receive or the liability to pay which has

come to be crystallized, which is to be taken into account under the mercantile system of maintaining books of account. An estimated income or liability, which is yet to be crystallized, can only be adjusted as a contingency item but not as an accrued income or liability of that year. To illustrate, we find from the details of the expenses that certain expenses related to the fees paid to the experts, out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the consultation firm and discharge of liability on account of demurrage claimed by the port authorities. Such items without investigation into the facts about the crystallization of such dues cannot be disallowed merely on the ground that they relate to transactions pertaining to an earlier accounting year..."

[Underlining is ours]

14. In CIT V. Bilahari Investment P. Ltd., [2008] 299 ITR 1 (SC), while

dealing with accounting standards, their Lordships referred to the decisions

in Taporia Tools Ltd. v. Joint CIT, [2003] 260 ITR 102 (Bombay) and J.K.

Industries Ltd. v. Union of India, [2007] 13 Scale 204 and thereafter

adverted to the recognition and identification of income under the 1961 Act

as is attainable by several methods of accounting. Their Lordships referred

to the completed contract method and the percentage of completion method

which were the issues in the said case. After so stating, the Apex Court

expressed the view as follows:-

"19. In the judgment of the Bombay High Court in Taparia Tools Ltd., [2003] 260 ITR 102 it has been held that in every case of substitution of one method by another method, the burden is on the Department to prove that the method in vogue is not correct and it distorts the profits of a particular year. Under the mercantile system of accounting based on the concept of accrual, the method of accounting followed by the assessees is relevant. In the present case, there is no finding recorded by the Assessing Officer that the completed contract method distorts the profits of a particular year. Moreover, as held in various judgments, the chit scheme is one integrated scheme spread over a period of time, sometimes exceeding 12 months. We have examined computation of tax effect in these cases and we find that the entire exercise is revenue neutral,

particularly when the scheme is read as one integrated scheme spread over a period of time.

20. As stated above, we are concerned with assessment years 1991-92 to 1997-98. In the past, the Department had accepted the completed contract method and because of such acceptance, the assessees, in these cases, have followed the same method of accounting, particularly in the context of chit discount. Every assessee is entitled to arrange its affairs and follow the method of accounting, which the Department has earlier accepted. It is only in those cases where the Department records a finding that the method adopted by the assessee results in distortion of profits, the Department can insist on substitution of the existing method. Further, in the present cases, we find from the various statements produced before us, that the entire exercise, arising out of change of method from the completed contract method to deferred revenue expenditure, is revenue neutral. Therefore, we do not wish to interfere with the impugned judgment of the High Court."

[Emphasis added]

15. In CIT v. Kataria Road Lines, [2009] 316 ITR 115 (Raj), the Division

Bench came to hold as under:-

"9. It is not in dispute that the mercantile accounting system was adopted by the assessee and was permitted by the Revenue for several years. By virtue of the said accounting system, the assessee was claiming benefit of finance commission in the year of hire purchase agreement itself irrespective of the fact that the amount of instalments as per the hire-purchase agreement was actually paid in the subsequent years. Answer to the question whether such an accounting system was permissible or not, is not before us, further the Department itself was permitting the said accounting system according to which, the assessee was accounting the entire finance commission in the year of hire purchase itself irrespective of the fact that the instalment pursuant to the hire-purchase agreement was actually paid in the subsequent years. The assessment on the aforesaid basis was continued for years together and it is only for the assessment years 1980-81 and 1981-82 that the said system was not accepted by the Department. It is also the fact that the firms have closed their business. Thus, looking to the aforesaid facts and circumstances, and also the judgment of the hon‟ble apex court in the case of CIT v. Bilahari Investment (P.) Ltd. [2008] 299 ITR 1, we are of the view that the

Department having permitted the assessee to claim the benefit of finance commission in the year in which hire-purchase agreement was entered, the same system is required to be continued for the assessment years 1980-81 and 1981-82,..."

16. The present factual matrix has to be tested on the touchstone and anvil

of the aforesaid enunciation of law. On a scrutiny of the facts that have been

brought on record, it is discernible that the assessee has been claiming prior

period of expenses on the ground that the voucher of such expenses from the

employees/branch employees were received after 31st March of the financial

year. It has also come as a matter of fact that the assessee has branch offices

throughout the country. The assessee has been debiting the expenditure spill

over to the subsequent years and the assessing officer had been allowing the

same. The said accounting practice has been consistently followed by the

assessee and accepted by the department. If a particular accounting system

has been followed and accepted and there is no acceptable reason to differ

with the same, the doctrine of consistency would come into play. The said

accounting system has been followed for a number of years and there is no

proof that there has been any material change in the activities of the assessee

as compared to the earlier years. Nothing has been brought on record to

show that there has been distortion of profit or the books of account did not

reflect the correct picture in the absence of any reason whatsoever, there was

no warrant or justification to depart from the previous accounting system

which was accepted by the department in respect of the previous years.