Ajit Singh & Ors Vs. The State of Punjab & Ors [1999] INSC 345 (16 September 1999)
S.P. KURDUKAR, & M. JAGANNADHA RAO. M.JAGANNADHA RAO,J.
We have before us these three Interlocutory Applications Nos. 1 to 3 filed for "clarification" by the State of Punjab in Civil Appeal Nos.3792-94 of 1989 (Ajit Singh Januja & Others vs. State of Punjab) [1996 (2) SCC 215] (hereinafter referred to as Ajit Singh in this judgment). The matter concerns a dispute relating to seniority of reserved candidates and general candidates.
At the outset we make it clear that in this judgment we are not concerned with the reservation policy of the State or with the validity of any procedure fixing roster points for purpose of promotion of reserved candidates. We are here dealing only with a limited question relating mainly to seniority of the reserved candidates promoted at roster points.
We also make it clear that what we are deciding today is based on principles already laid down by this Court since 1950 and in particular since 1963. Basing on those principles, we are concerned with the limited question as to whether Union of India vs. Virpal Singh [1993 (6) SCC 685] and Ajit Singh Januja vs. State of Punjab [1996 (2) SCC 215], which were earlier decided in favour of the general candidates are to be affirmed or whether the latter deviation made in Jagdish Lal vs. State of Haryana [1997 (6) SCC 538] against the general candidates, is to be accepted. How these IAs 1-3 came to be filed for clarification:? The circumstances under which the State of Punjab has filed these IAs for clarification are as follows:- Initially, in a case relating to the Indian Railways, a two Judge Bench of this Court in Union of India vs. Virpal Singh [1995 (6) SCC 685] (hereinafter referred to as Virpal) held that it was "permissible" for the Railways to say that reserved candidates who get promotion at the roster points would not be entitled to claim seniority at the promotional level as against senior general candidates who got promoted at a later point of time to the same level. It was further held that "it would be open" to the State to provide that as and when the senior general candidate got promoted under the rules, - whether by way of a seniority rule or a selection rule - to the level to which the reserved candidate was promoted earlier, the general candidate would have to be treated as senior to the reserved candidate (the roster point promotee) at the promotional level as well, unless, of course, the reserved candidate got a further promotion by that time to a higher post. (This is described for convenience, as the 'catch up' rule) Close on the heels of Virpal, came Ajit Singh from Punjab, before a three Judge Bench and the Bench held that the question of seniority at the promotional level had to be decided by applying the provisions of Article 14 and 16 (1) and if any order, circular or rule provided that such reserved candidates who got promotions at roster points were to be treated as senior to the senior general candidates who were promoted later, then such an order, circular or rule would be violative of Article 14 and 16(1). It was, however, held that the position would be different if by the time the senior general candidate got his promotion under the normal rules of seniority or selection, the reserved candidate who was promoted earlier at the roster point, had got a further promotion. In other words, the `catch up' principle as laid down in Virpal was accepted. In coming to the above conclusions, the three Judge Bench relied upon the principles laid down by the nine Judge Bench in Indira Sawhney vs. Union of India [1992 Suppl. (3) SCC 251] and by the Constitution Bench in R.K.Sabharwal vs. State of Punjab [1995 (2) SCC 745]. These two cases had laid down earlier the manner in which the rights of the general candidates and the reserved candidates ought to be balanced.
In Ajit Singh the Court said the balance must be maintained in such a manner that there was no reverse discrimination against the general candidates and that any rule, circular or order which gave seniority to the reserved candidates promoted at roster point, would be violative of Articles 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution of India. The Indian Railways following the law laid down in Virpal issued a circular on 28.2.97 to the effect that the reserved candidates promoted at roster points could not claim seniority over the senior general candidates promoted later. The State of Punjab after following Ajit Singh was proceeding to revise seniority lists and make further promotions of the senior general candidates who had reached the level to which the reserved candidates had reached earlier. At that point of time, another three Judge Bench came to decide a case from the State of Haryana in Jagdish Lal vs. State of Haryana [1997 (6) SCC 538] and took a view contrary to Virpal and Ajit Singh. It held that the general rule in the Service Rules relating to seniority from the date of continuous officiation which was applicable to candidates promoted under the normal seniority/selection procedure would be attracted even to the roster point promotees as otherwise there would be discrimination against the reserved candidates. The Bench also observed that the right to promotion was a statutory right while the rights of the reserved candidates under Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A) were fundamental rights and in that behalf, it followed Ashok Kumar Gupta vs. State of U.P. [1997 (5) SCC 201] where a similar principle had been laid down. The Contentions in brief: Sri Hardev Singh, learned senior counsel for the State of Punjab submitted that since Jagdish Lal decided something contrary to Virpal and Ajit Singh the State was in a `quandary what to do. In these IAs and the connected batch of cases which have been listed together and heard, contentions have been raised by Sri Rajeev Dhawan for the State of Haryana and Sri Altaf Ahmad, Additional Solicitor General of India for the State of Rajasthan and the Union of India. According to the learned counsel the 'roster point promotees', ( i.e. a reserved candidate at Level 1 who is promoted to Level 2 at the roster point meant for such promotion) namely, the reserved candidates cannot claim seniority on the basis of continuous officiation.
However, learned Additional Solicitor General, Sri C.S. Vaidyanathan for the Indian Railways has taken a contrary stand-, in spite of the fact that Railways has already accepted Virpal and issued a circular on 28.2.1997 -that roster point promotions in the Railways did not confer seniority. Senior counsel Sri Harish Salve and others for the general candidates contended that Virpal and Ajit Singh were correctly decided and Jagdish Lal was wrongly decided.
Senior counsel Sri K. Parasaran, Sri D.D. Thakur, Sri M.N. Rao, and others including Sri Jose P. Verghese for the reserved candidates relied upon Jagdish Lal and they contended that Virpal and Ajit Singh were wrongly decided.
The validity of the 'catch-up' rule accepted in Virpal and Ajit Singh in favour of general candidates was also put in issue. One additional point was also argued. This related to the "prospectivity" of R.K.Sabharwal and Ajit Singh. In R.K.Sabharwal this Court has held that once the roster point promotions were all made in respect of the reserved candidates, the roster ceased to operate. Unless any of the reserved candidates already promoted had retired or been further promoted etc. and unless there was a vacancy generated at the points already filled, fresh candidates from the reserved candidates could not be promoted by further operation of the roster. Having so held, the Court said that the judgment would be "prospective". The reserved candidates now contend that the above direction means that not only the reserved candidates so promoted in excess of the roster points could not be reverted but that their seniority against such excess promotions was also protected vide Sabharwal.
Likewise, in regard to Ajit Singh, the contention was as follows: Assume there are rosters at Level 1 and again at Level 2. Assume that a reserved candidate has been promoted from Level 1 to Level 2 on the basis of the roster point and again from Level 2 to Level 3 on roster point. A senior general candidate at Level 1 has later reached Level 3 and by that date the reserved candidate is still at Level
3. Assume that the plea of the general candidates that the general candidate became senior at Level 3 to the earlier promoted reserved candidate, is correct. Ignoring the senior general candidate at Level 3, the reserved candidate has been further promoted to Level 4 before 1.3.96 when Ajit Singh was decided. In that event, the prospective operation of Ajit Singh means, according to the reserved candidates, that such a reserved candidate is not only not to be reverted but his seniority at Level 4 is also to be protected. The general candidates say that after Ajit Singh was decided on 1.3.96 the said promotion made to Level 4, ignoring the case of the senior general candidate at Level 3, is to be reviewed and seniority at Level 3 is to be refixed. At Level 4, - when the general candidate is also promoted to Level 4, the seniority of the reserved candidate has also to be fixed on the basis as to when he would have otherwise been promoted to Level 4, after considering the case of his senior general candidate at Level 3. We shall be dealing with these main contentions in this judgment. So far as the individual points raised in the Civil Appeals, Contempt Cases and other IAs are concerned, we shall deal with them by separate judgments for convenience.
On the above contentions, the following four main points arise for consideration: Points:
..........L.....T.......T.......T.......T.......T.......T..J (1) Can the roster point promotees ( reserved category) count their seniority in the promoted category from the date of their continuous officiation vis-a-vis general candidates who were senior to them in the lower category and who were later promoted to the same level? (2) Have Virpal, Ajit Singh been correctly decided and has Jagdish Lal been correctly decided? (3) Whether the 'catch-up' principles contended for by the general candidates are tenable? (4) What is the meaning of the 'prospective' operation of Sabbarwal and to what extent can Ajit Singh be prospective? .lm10 Points (1) and (2): A word with regard to Article 16(4) & Article 16 (4A):
Learned senior counsel for the general candidates submitted at the outset that while Indira Sawhney permitted reservations for a period of five years, the Constitution was amended within the said period and Article 16(4A) was incorporated permitting reservation in promotions but restricting the same to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Learned counsel submitted that it was their contention that this amendment was not constitutionally permissible but this question need not be decided in this batch as separate writ petitions challenging the validity of Article 16(4A) are pending in this Court. In view of the above stand, we shall proceed in these cases on the assumption that Article 16(4A) is valid and is not unconstitutional. At the same time, we also note the contention of the reserved candidates that Article 16(4A) must be deemed to be constitutional unless otherwise declared. .pa Article 16(1), 16(4) and 16(4A): In the context of the first and second questions, it is necessary to refer to the relevant parts of Article 16 of the Constitution of India. Sub-clauses (1), (4) and (4A) of Article 16 which have relevance in this case read as follows: "Article 16(1)- Equality of appointment in matters of public employment:- There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
(2)......................................
(3)......................................
(4) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointment or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
(4A) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion of any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State are not adequately represented in the services under the State." I.......T.......T.......T.......T.......T.......T.......T..J Constitution is not static: We shall at the outset deal with the contention raised by Sri D.D.Thakur, learned senior counsel appearing for the reserved candidates that Article 16(4) must be interpreted keeping in mind the conditions prevailing fifty years ago when the Constitution was drafted and when Article 16(4) was incorporated in the Constitution. Learned counsel submitted that the founding fathers were conscious that a special provision for reservation was necessary to see that the backward classes of citizens were adequately represented in the services. Hence an interpretation which would advance the said objective must be applied.
Reliance was also placed on the Statement of Objects and Reasons in connection with the incorporation of Article 16(4A). In fact, all the learned counsel appearing for the reserved candidates contended that the said officers could not be treated as equals to the general candidates and that their backwardness and past social oppression must be borne in mind. Nobody can deny that the above approach is the proper one while dealing with the reserved classes. The primary purpose of Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A) is due representation of certain classes in certain posts. However, we must bear in mind and not ignore that there are other provisions, namely, Articles 14, 16(1) and Article 335 of the Constitution which are also very important. The Constitution has laid down in Articles 14 and 16(1) the permissible limits of affirmative action by way of reservation under Articles 16(4) and 16(4A). While permitting reservations at the same time, it has also placed certain limitations by way of Articles 14 and 16(1) so that there is no reverse discrimination. It has also incorporated Article 335 so that the efficiency of administration is not jeopardized. While interpreting provisions of the Constitution and in particular fundamental rights of citizens, it is well to bear in mind certain fundamental concepts.
U.S.316), Chief Justice Marshall cautioned that we must keep in mind that it is the Constitution that we are expounding. He said that the Constitution was intended to endure for ages to come and had consequently to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs from time to time. Brandeis J wrote : "Our Constitution is not a straight jacket. It is a living organism. As such it is capable of growth, of expansion and of adaptation to new conditions. Growth implies changes, political, economic and social. Growth which is significant manifests itself rather in intellectual and moral conceptions of material things" (Brandeis Papers, Harvard Law School).
Similarly, in a beautiful metaphor Mr. J.M. Beck said as follows:
"The Constitution is neither, on the one hand, a Gibraltor Rock, which wholly resists the ceaseless washing of time and circumstances, nor is it, on the other hand, a sandy beach, which is slowly destroyed by erosion of the waves. It is rather to be likened to a floating dock which, while firmly attached to its moorings, and not therefore at the caprice of the waves, yet rises and falls with the tide of time and circumstances" (Constitution of the United States, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow' ( 1924) (Oxford University Press)." L.........I.....T.......T.......T.......T.......T.......T..J Such should be and would be our approach in resolving the important constitutional issues arising in these IAs and in this batch of cases.
We shall first deal with the fundamental rights under Articles 14 and 16(1) and then with the nature of the rights of the reserved candidates under Articles 16(4) and 16(4A).
Articles 14 and 16(1): Is right to be considered for promotion a fundamental right? Article 14 and Article 16(1) are closely connected. They deal with individual rights of the person.
Article 14 demands that the "State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws". Article 16(1) issues a positive command that "there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in the matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State". It has been held repeatedly by this Court that sub-clause (1) of Article 16 is a facet of Article 14 and that it takes its roots from Article 14. The said sub- clause particularizes the generality in Article 14 and identifies, in a constitutional sense "equality opportunity" in matters of employment and appointment to any office under the State. The word 'employment' being wider, there is no dispute that it takes within its fold, the aspect of promotions to posts above the stage of initial level of recruitment. Article 16(1) provides to every employee otherwise eligible for promotion or who comes within the zone of consideration, a fundamental right to be "considered" for promotion. Equal opportunity here means the right to be "considered" for promotion. If a person satisfies the eligibility and zone criteria but is not considered for promotion, then there will be a clear infraction of his fundamental right to be "considered" for promotion, which is his personal right. "Promotion" based on equal opportunity and 'seniority' attached to such promotion are facets of fundamental right under Article 16(1): Where promotional avenues are available, seniority becomes closely interlinked with promotion provided such a promotion is made after complying with the principle of equal opportunity stated in Article 16(1). For example, if the promotion is by rule of `seniority-cum- suitability', the eligible seniors at the basic level as per seniority fixed at that level and who are within the zone of consideration must be first considered for promotion and be promoted if found suitable. In the promoted category they would have to count their seniority from the date of such promotion because they get promotion through a process of equal opportunity. Similarly, if the promotion from the basic level is by selection or merit or any rule involving consideration of merit, the senior who is eligible at the basic level has to be considered and if found meritorious in comparison with others, he will have to be promoted first.
If he is not found so meritorious, the next in order of seniority is to be considered and if found eligible and more meritorious than the first person in the seniority list, he should be promoted. In either case, the person who is first promoted will normally count his seniority from the date of such promotion. (There are minor modifications in various services in the matter of counting of seniority of such promotees but in all cases the senior most person at the basic level is to be considered first and then the others in the line of seniority). That is how right to be considered for promotion and the `seniority' attached to such promotion become important facets of the fundamental right guaranteed in Article 16(1). Right to be considered for promotion is not a mere statutory right: The question is as to whether the right to be considered for promotion is a mere statutory right or a fundamental right. Learned senior counsel for the general candidates submitted that in Ashok Kumar Gupta down that the right to promotion is only a "statutory right" while the rights covered by Articles 16(4) and 16(4A) are "fundamental rights". Such a view has also been expressed in Jagdish Lal and some other latter cases where these cases have been followed. Counsel submitted that this was not the correct constitutional position. In this connection our attention has been invited to para 43 of Ashok Kumar Gupta.
It reads as follows:- "It would thus be clear that right to promotion is a statutory right. It is not a fundamental right. The right to promotion to a post or class of posts depends upon the operation of the conditions of service. Article 16(4) read with Articles 16(1) and 14 guarantees a right to promotion to Dalits and Tribes as a fundamental right where they do not have adequate representation consistently with the efficiency of administration... before expiry thereof (i.e. 5 years rule), Article 16(4) has come into force from 17.6.1995. Therefore, the right to promotion continues as a constitutionally guaranteed fundamental right." A similar view was expressed in Jagdishlal and followed in some latter cases. In the above passage, it was laid down that promotion was a statutory right and that Articles 16(4) and 16(4A) conferred fundamental rights. In our opinion, the above view expressed in Ashok Kumar Gupta, and followed in Jagdish Lal and other cases, if it is intended to lay down that the right guaranteed to employees for being "considered" for promotion according to relevant rules of recruitment by promotion(i.e. whether on basis of seniority or merit) is only a statutory right and not a fundamental right, we cannot accept the proposition. We have already stated earlier that the right to equal opportunity in the matter of promotion in the sense of a right to be "considered" for promotion is indeed a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 16(1) and this has never been doubted in any other case before Ashok Kumar Gupta, right from 1950. Articles 16(4) and 16(4A) do not confer any fundamental right to reservation: We next come to the question whether Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A) guaranteed any fundamental right to reservation. It should be noted that both these Articles open with a non-obstante clause - "Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation.....". There is a marked difference in the language employed in Article 16(1) on the one hand and Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A). There is no directive or command in Article 16(4) or Article 16(4A) as in Article 16(1). On the face of it, the above language in each of Articles 16(4) and 16(4A), is in the nature of an enabling provision and it has been so held in judgments rendered by Constitution Benches and in other cases right from 1963. We may in this connection point out that the attention of the learned Judges who decided Ashok Kumar Gupta and Jagdish Lal was not obviously drawn to a direct case decided by a Constitution Bench in C.A.Rajendran vs. Union of India 1968 (1) SCC 721 which arose under Article 16(4). It was clearly laid down by the five Judge Bench that Article 16(4) was only an enabling provision, that Article 16(4) was not a fundamental right and that it did not impose any constitutional duty. It only conferred a discretion on the State. The passage in the above case reads as follows:
"Our conclusion therefore is that Article 16(4) does not confer any right on the petitioner and there is no constitutional duty imposed on the government to make reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, either at the initial stage or at the stage of promotion.
In other words, Article 16(4) is an enabling provision and confers discretionary power on the State to make a reservation of appointment in favour of backward class of citizens which, in its opinion, is not adequately represented in the services of the State." The above principle was reiterated in two three Judge Bench judgments in P&T SC/ST Employees' Welfare Association vs. Union of India 1988 (4) SCC 147; and in SBI SC/ST Employees Welfare Association vs. State Bank of India 1996 (4) SCC 119. In fact, as long back as in 1963, in M.R.Balaji vs. State of Mysore 1963 Suppl. (1) SCR 439 (at p.474) which was decided by Five learned Judges, the Court said the same thing in connection with Articles 15(4) and Article 16(4). Stating that Article 15(4) and 16(4) were only enabling provisions, Gajendragadkar, J. ( as he then was ) observed:
"In this connection, it is necessary to emphasise that Article 15(4) like Article 16(4) is an enabling provision, it does not impose an obligation, but merely leaves it to the discretion of the appropriate government to take suitable action, if necessary." Unfortunately, all these rulings of larger Benches were not brought to the notice of the Bench which decided Ashok Kumar Gupta and Jagdish Lal and to the Benches which followed these two cases. In view of the overwhelming authority right from 1963, we hold that both Articles 16(4) and 16(4A) do not confer any fundamental rights nor do they impose any constitutional duties but are only in the nature of enabling provision vesting a discretion in the State to consider providing reservation if the circumstances mentioned in those Articles so warranted. We accordingly hold that on this aspect Ashok Kumar Gupta, Jagdishlal and the cases which followed these cases do not lay down the law correctly. Power is coupled with duty: Learned senior counsel for the reserved candidates, Sri K.Parasaran however contended that Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A) confer a power coupled with a duty and that it would be permissible to enforce such a duty by issuing a writ of mandamus.
Reliance for that purpose was placed upon Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Gian Prakash vs. K.S.Jagannathan [1986 (2) SCC 679] and also on Julius vs. Lord Bishop (1880) 5 AC 214 which case was followed by this Court in Commissioner of Police vs. Gordhandas Bhanji [1952 SCR 135]. We are unable to agree with the above contention. As pointed out earlier, the Constitution Bench of this Court in that Article 16(4) conferred a discretion and did not create any constitutional duty or obligation. In fact, in that case, a mandamus was sought to direct the Government of India to provide for reservation under Article 16(4) in certain Class I and Class II services. The Government stated that in the context of Article 335 and in the interests of efficiency of administration at those levels, it was of the view that there should be no reservation. The said opinion of the Government was accepted by this Court as reasonable and mandamus was refused. Even in M.R. Balaji's case, the Constitution Bench declared that Article 16(4) conferred only a discretion. It is true that in Jagannathan's case, the three Judge Bench issued a mandamus, after referring to Article 142, that the Government must add 25 marks to SC/ST candidates who had taken the S.A.S.
Examination for promotion as Sections Officers and also that, in future, a reduced minimum marks must be provided and announced before the examination. The Court also observed that the Department had not passed orders as per a general O.M. of the Government dated 21.9.1977. But the attention of the Court was not drawn to the judgment of the Constitution Bench in C.A. Rajendran's case and other cases to which we have referred earlier. Further, if the State is of the opinion that in the interests of efficiency of administration, reservation or relaxation in marks is not appropriate, then it will not be permissible for the Court to issue a mandamus to provide for reservation or relaxation. We also note that in Superintending Engineer, Jagannathan's case was followed and reference was made to Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A) and to the principle that the same could be enforced by the Court. But we may point out that even in Kuldeep Singh's case, no reference was made to C.A. Rajendran and other cases. We, accordingly, hold that the view in Jagannathan and Kuldeep Singh's cases that a mandamus can be issued either to provide for reservation or for relaxation is not correct and runs counter to judgments of earlier Constitution Benches and, therefore, these two judgments cannot be said to be laying down the correct law.
Balancing of fundamental rights under Article 16(1) and the rights of reserved candidates under Articles 16(4) and 16(4A):
Having noticed that Article 16(1) deals with a fundamental right and Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A) are enabling provisions, we next come to the need for balancing Article 16(1) and Articles 16(4) and 16(4A). Such a balancing principle was enunciated by the Constitution Bench (1) SCR 439 wherein it was stated that the interests of the reserved classes must be balanced against the interests of other segments of society. In Indira Sawhney's case, Jeevan Reddy, J. explained how the fundamental right of the citizens as declared in Article 16(1) has to be balanced against the claims of the reserved candidates in Article 16(4). The learned Judge stated: (See page 734 para 808):
"It needs no emphasis to say that the principal aim of Articles 14 and 16 is equality and equality of opportunity and that clause (4) of Article 16 is a means of achieving the very same objective. Clause (4) is a special provision - though not an exception to clause (1). Both the provisions have to be harmonised keeping in mind the fact that both are restatements of the principles of equality enshrined in Article 14. The provision under Article 16(4) - conceived in the interests of certain sections of society - should be balanced against the guarantee of equality enshrined in clause (1) of Article 16 which is a guarantee held out to every citizen and to the entire society". The same principle was reiterated in the judgment of the Constitution Bench in Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research vs. Faculty Association 1998 (4) SCC 1 after referring to several earlier cases. It was stated :
(P.22) " The doctrine of equality of opportunity in clause (1) of Article 16 is to be reconciled in favour of backward classes under clause (4) of Article 16 in such a manner that the latter while serving the cause of backward classes shall not unreasonably encroach upon the field of equality".
In Ajit Singh, in the context of seniority for the roster point promotees it was observed : (p.733 of SCC) "For attracting meritorious and talented persons into service, a balance has to be struck, while making provisions for reservation in respect of a section of the society. This Court from time to time has been issuing directions to maintain that balance...." The above approach in Balaji in 1963, Indira Sawhney in 1991 later in Ajit Singh in 1996 and in PGI Case in 1998 for striking a balance between the individuals rights under Articles 14 and 16(1) on the one hand and affirmative action under Articles 16(4) & 16(4A) on the other, appears to us to be on the same lines as the approach of the U.S. Supreme Court under the Equal Protection Clause 493). In that case, it was stated that while dealing with the affirmative action taken in favour of African-Americans, the Equal Protection Clause which conferred individual rights have to be kept in mind by the Courts. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor observed:
"The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that "No State shall ....deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" (emphasis added). As this Court has noted in the past, the "rights created by the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment are, by its terms, guaranteed to the individuals. The rights established are personal rights" The same learned Judge, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, stated again recently in Adarand Constructors Inc to affirmative action, the Court would launch an inquiry to ensure that the "personal right to equal protection of the laws has not been infringed." Thus this Court has to ensure that, in matters relating to affirmative action by the State, the rights under Articles 14 and 16 of the individual to equality of opportunity, are not affected. A reasonable balance has to be struck so that the affirmative action does not lead to reverse discrimination. We shall here refer to the speech of Dr. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly:
"Supposing, for instance, we were to concede in full the demands of these communities who have not been so far employed in the public services to the fullest extent, what would really happen is, we shall be completely destroying the first proposition upon which we are all agreed, that there shall be equality in opportunity".
Krishna Iyer,J. also cautioned in Akhil Bharatiya (1) SCC 246 ( at P.286) that "care must be taken to see that classification is not pushed to such an extreme point as to make the fundamental right to equality cave in and collapse". The learned Judge relied upon Triloki Nath Krishna Iyer, J. stated in Soshit Karamchari Case, (para 102) that reservations cannot lead to an `overkill'. At page 301, His Lordship said: "The remedy of 'reservations' to correct inherited imbalances must not be an overkill".
In other words, affirmative action stops where reverse discrimination begins. (i) Efficiency of administration and Article 335: It is necessary to see that the rule of adequate representation in Article 16(4) for the Backward Classes and the rule of adequate representation in promotion for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under Article 16(4A) do not adversely affect the efficiency in administration. In fact, Article 335 takes care to make this an express constitutional limitation upon the discretion vested in the State while making provision for adequate representation for the Scheduled Castes/Tribes.
Thus, in the matter of due representation in service for Backward Classes and Schedule Castes and Tribes, maintenance of efficiency of administration is of paramount importance.
As pointed in Indira Sawhney, the provisions of the Constitution must be interpreted in such a manner that a sense of competition is cultivated among all service personnel, including the reserved categories. (ii) Reservation and effect of the Roster Point reservation: It must be noted that whenever a reserved candidate goes for recruitment at the initial level (say Level 1), he is not going through the normal process of selection which is applied to a general candidate but gets appointment to a post reserved for his group. That is what is meant by `reservation'. That is the effect of `reservation'. Now in a case where the reserved candidate has not opted to contest on his merit but has opted for the reserved post, if a roster is set at Level 1 for promotion of the reserved candidate at various roster points to level 2, the reserved candidate if he is otherwise at the end of the merit list, goes to Level 2 without competing with general candidates and he goes up by a large number of places. In a roster with 100 places, if the roster points are 8, 16, 24 etc. at each of these points the reserved candidate if he is at the end of the merit list, gets promotion to Level 2 by side-stepping several general candidates. That is the effect of the roster point promotion. It deserves to be noticed that the roster points fixed at Level 1 are not intended to determine any seniority at Level 1 between general candidates and the reserved candidates. This aspect we shall consider again when we come to Mervyn Continho vs.
Collector of Customs [1966 (3) SCR 600] lower down. The roster point merely becomes operative whenever a vacancy reserved at Level 2 becomes available. Once such vacancies are all filled, the roster has worked itself out.
Thereafter other reserved candidates can be promoted only when a vacancy at the reserved points already filled arises.
That was what was decided in R.K.Sabharwal vs. State of Punjab. (iii) Seniority of roster promotees: Question is whether roster point promotions from Level 1 to Level 2 to reserved candidates will also give seniority at Level 2? This is the crucial question. We shall here refer to two lines of argument on behalf of the reserved candidates.
Ajit Singh was an appeal from the judgment of the Full Bench Secretary to Govt. Punjab Education Department, 1989 (4) S.L.R. 257. In that case, reliance was placed by the reserved candidates on a general Circular dated 19.7.69 issued by the Punjab Government which stated that the roster point promotions would also confer seniority. In fact, while dismissing the Writ petitions filed by the general candidates the High Court declared that the State was obliged to count seniority of the reserved candidates from the date of their promotion as per the Circular dated 19.7.69. The judgment of the Full Bench was reversed by this Court in Ajit Singh in the appeal filed by the general candidates. That resulted in the setting aside of the above declaration regarding seniority of roster point promotees as stated in the Punjab circular dated 19.7.69.. But before us, reliance was placed by the reserved candidates as was done in Jagdish Lal, upon the general seniority Rule contained in various Punjab Service Rules applicable in the Civil Secretariat, Education, Financial Commissioner, etc.
Departments which Rules generally deal with method of recruitment, probation, seniority and other service conditions. All these Rules provide a single scheme for recruitment by promotion on the basis of seniority- cum-merit and then for seniority to be determined in the promotional post from the date of "continuous officiation", whenever the promotion is as per the method prescribed in those Rules. It is on this seniority rule relating to `continuous officiation' at the promotional level that reliance was placed before us by the reserved candidates, as was done in Jagdish Lal. Question is whether roster points promotees can rely on such a seniority rule? In this context it is necessary to remember two fundamental concepts.
(a) Statutory Rules relating to promotion and seniority:
We shall take up the rules in one of these Services in Punjab - namely the rules concerning Ajit Singh in which the present IAs have been filed.
There are three sets of Rules for Class I, II and III Services. The Punjab Secretariat Class III Service Rules, 1976 deal with the posts of clerk(Level 1), Assistant(Level 2) and Superintendent(Grade II)(Level 3).
At each of these two levels 1 and 2, there is a roster which implements reservation. The reservation is by way of the circular dated 19.7.1969 in Punjab. For promotion from level 1 to 2 and from Level 2 to Level 3, the employees are respectively governed by Rule 7 for promotion and by Rule 9 for seniority. It is provided in proviso(iii) to Rule 7(1) that all promotions shall be made by selection on the basis of seniority-cum-merit and no person shall have a right of promotion on the basis of seniority alone. Rule 9 speaks of seniority from the date of continuous officiation.
The Civil Secretariat Service, Class-II Service rules, 1963 deal with Superintendents(Grade I) i.e. Level 4 and Rule 8(2) states that promotion to the above posts in Class II is by the method of seniority-cum-merit and Rule 10 states that seniority is to be counted from date of continuous officiation. Above Class II is class I which consists of posts of Under Secretary(Level 5) and Deputy Secretary(Level 6). Rule 6(3) of the Punjab Civil Secretariat (Class I) Rules, 1974 refers to promotion by seniority-cum-merit while Rule 8 thereof speaks of seniority by continuous officiation. For promotion to Class II and Class I, there is no roster promotion i.e. no reservation.
There is reservation only in Class III posts by way of roster at two stages.
It is clear, therefore, that the seniority rule relating to `continuous officiation' in promotion is part of the general scheme of recruitment -by direct recruitment, promotion, etc.- in each of the Services in Class I, II and III - and is based upon a principle of equal opportunity for promotion. In our opinion, it is only to such promotions that the seniority rule of `continuous officiation' is attracted.
(b) Statutory rule of seniority cannot be delinked and applied to roster-point promotions:
As stated above in Ajit Singh, the promotion rule in Rule 7(1) proviso (iii) and the seniority Rule in Rule 9 under the 1976 Rules for Class III form a single scheme and are interlinked. In other words, only in case the officers have reached the level of Superintendents Grade II(Level 3) in the manner mentioned in the Rule 7(1) proviso (iii) by competition between the Assistants (Level 2) and on consideration of their cases on the basis of seniority-cum-merit, can the seniority Rule in Rule 9 relating to continuous officiation in the post of Superintendent Grade II (Level 3) be applied. Here there is a roster in Ajit Singh for promotion from Level 1 to Level 2 and from Level 2 to Level 3. The consequence is that in the case of roster point promotees, the said candidates who get promoted as Superintendents Grade II (Level 3) as per the roster, - having not been promoted as per Rule 7(1) proviso (iii) of the 1976 Rules i.e. upon consideration with their cases on the basis of seniority-cum-merit at the Assistant level (Level 2), -they cannot rely upon Rule 9 of the 1976 Rules dealing with seniority from the date of "continuous officiation" as Superintendents Grade II(Level 3). It is not permissible to delink the seniority Rule from the recruitment Rule based on equal opportunity and apply it to promotions made on the basis of the roster which promotions are made out side the equal opportunity principle. The proper balancing of rights: In the light of the above discussion, the proper balancing of the rights, in our view, will be as follows.
The general candidates who are senior at Assistants' level(Level 2) and who have reached Superintendent Grade-II(Level 3) before the reserved candidate moved to Level 4(Supdt. Grade- I), will have to be treated as senior at the level 3 also(Supdt. Grade-II) and it is on that basis that promotion to the post of Level 4 must be made, upon first considering the cases of the senior general candidates at Level 3. If the cases of the senior general candidates who have reached Level 3 though at a latter point of time, are not first considered for promotion to Level 4, and if the roster point promotee at Level 3 is treated senior and promoted to level 4, there will be violation of Article 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution of India. Such a promotion and the seniority at Level 4 has to be reviewed after the decision of Ajit Singh. But if reserved category candidate is otherwise eligible and posts are available for promotion to Level 4, they cannot be denied right to be considered for promotion to Level 4, merely because erstwhile seniors at the entry levels have not reached Level 3. What we have stated above accords, in fact, with what was actually stated in Ajit Singh ( 1996(2) SCC 715). In that case, N.P. Singh, J observed ( P. 731):
"It also cannot be overlooked that for the first promotion from the basic grade, there was no occasion to examine their merit and suitability for promotion".
That, in our view, is the correct approach for balancing the fundamental rights under Article 14 and Article 16(1) on the one hand and the provisions relating to reservation in Article 16(4) and Article 16(4A).
Was Jagdish Lal correctly decided:
Learned senior counsel for the reserved candidates however relied upon Jagdish Lal to contend that the roster promotees can count seniority in the promoted post from the date of continuous officiation as against senior general candidates promoted later. On the other hand, the learned senior counsel for the general candidates contended that the said decision does not lay down the law correctly. We shall, therefore, have to refer to Jagdishlal. We were initially of the view that it may not be necessary to go into the correctness of Jagdish Lal, and that we could distinguish the same on the ground that all the reserved candidates there had got further promotions from the promotional level of Dy.Superintendents* before the general candidates reached that Level. But from the table set out in Jagdishlal, it would be noticed that in that case, Jagdishlal, the general candidate, reached the post of Deputy Superintendent on 27.10.87 before the reserved candidate H.S. Hira was further promoted as Superintendent on 27.5.88. Similarly, Ram Dayal, another general candidate got promoted as Deputy Superintendent _____________________________________________________________ * In Jagdishlal, the hierarchy of posts is Clerk, Assistant, Deputy Superintendent, Superintendent, etc.
____________________________________________________________ on 16.1.89 before the reserved candidates Sant Lal and Ajmer Singh got promoted as Superintendent on 8.2.90 and 1.7.90.
In that view of the matter, it becomes necessary to go into the correctness of Jagdish Lal on merits. As we would presently show, in Jagdishlal, the seniority rule which referred to continuous officiation and which applied to promotions made after providing equal opportunity as per rules - was delinked from the promotion rule and applied to roster promotees, which, in our view, was the main reason for arriving at a different result. Jagdish Lal arose from Haryana. The Haryana Education Directorate (State Service Class III) Rule 1974 provided for recruitment to the posts of clerk (Level 1), Assistant (Level 2) and Deputy Superintendent(Level 3). Rule 9(3) stated that all promotions would have to be made by selection based on merit and taking into consideration seniority but seniority alone would not give any right to such promotions. Rule 11 provided that seniority would be counted from the date of "continuous officiation". The Court held in Jagdishlal that the roster promotees who were promoted to Level 3 could count their seniority from the date of continuous officiation in that level in view of Rule 11. From Level 1 to Level 2 and from Level 2 to Level 3, the rosters operated. From the level beyond Level 3, the posts were Superintendent, Budget Officer, Assistant Registrar and Registrar and were governed by the Haryana Education Department (State Service, Group B) Rule, 1980, and there was no reservation. In those Rules also, Rule 9(3) stated that all promotions would have to be made by selection based on merit and taking into consideration seniority but seniority alone was not to give any right to such promotion.
Rule 11 of the 1980 Rules also stated that seniority would count from the dates of continuous officiation. Thus, in the Class III as well as Class II(Group B) Services, the "continuous officiation" rule was interlinked with the promotion rule based on equal opportunity, as in Ajit Singh, and formed a single scheme. The Court in Jagdish Lal delinked Rule 11 from the recruitment rules and applied the same to the roster promotees. For the reasons given already in regard to Ajit Singh, we hold that Jagdishlal arrived at an incorrect conclusion because of applying a rule of continuous officiation which was not intended to apply to the reserved candidates promoted at roster points.
The various rulings relied upon in Jagdishlal do not, in our opinion, support the conclusions arrived at in that case. Some of these rulings were those where it was held that mere empanelment in a seniority list would not confer a right to promotion. Some other cases relied upon were cases where it was held that mere chances of promotions were not `conditions of service' which were protected. So far as the cases which held that mere inclusion of a name in a panel did not create any right to promotion, there could be no quarrel with the said proposition. So far as the cases like State of Maharashtra vs. Chandrakant Kulkarni 1981 (4) SCC 130, Mohd. Shujat Ali vs. Union of India 1975 (3) SCC 76, which held that mere chances of promotion were not conditions of service, they were not applicable to the present situation. It must be noticed that those cases arose under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 where the words 'conditions of service' were used in Section 115(7) of that Act. The factual position there was that when employees of two different States were integrated, their seniority in the parent States necessarily got affected.
The proviso to Section 115(7) of the Act required that, if the State to which they were allotted wanted to alter their "conditions of service", previous permission of the Central Government was necessary. It was in that context that it was held that mere chances of promotions were not conditions of service and there was no question of seeking the sanction of the Central Government if chances of promotion were affected after allotment to a new State. In fact, the Central Government, had issued orders, under Section 115(7) that various other conditions of service in the parent State like salary, leave etc. alone would remain protected. The above cases were therefore not in point. The case in Mohd.
Bhakar vs. Y.Krishna Reddy 1967 SLR 753(SC) was in fact overruled in Mohd. Shujat Ali. So far as K.Jagadeesan vs.
Union of India 1990 (2) SCC 228 was concerned, it related to a case where a person's seniority stood affected by an amendment to the Rules and it was held that that did not make the rule retrospective. Syed Khalid Rizvi vs. Union of India 1993 Suppl. (3) SCC 575 no doubt said that there was no "right to promotion" but even that case accepted that there was a right to be "considered" for promotion. So far as Akhil Bhartiya Soshit Karamchari Sangh vs. Union of India 1996 (6) SCC 65 to which one of us (G.B.Pattanaik,J.
was party). That case, in our view, was correctly decided on facts because by the date the general candidate reached the higher category, the reserved category promotee who reached that category earlier had got a further promotion.
Reference was also made in Jagdish Lal, to A.K. Bhatnagar vs. Union of India 1991 (1) SCC 544. That was a case where adhoc recruits were regularised subsequently and were placed below regular recruits. It was held that their past adhoc service could not be taken into account since they remained out of the cadre until regularisation. That case, in our view, has also no application. Jagdish Lal is, therefore, not correctly decided.
Observations in Ashok Kumar Gupta which run contrary to Indira Sawhney & Sabharwal do not lay down correct law: We may state that there are various other observations made in Ashok Kumar Gupta and we find that they run counter to the principles laid down by the nine Judge Bench in Indira Sawhney and the Constitution Bench in Sabharwal. In our view, these observations must, therefore, be treated as not laying down the correct law. Learned counsel for the parties were in agreement with this live of approach. We, therefore, leave Ashok Kumar Gupta and do not deal with it any further.
Was Virpal not decided correctly, as contended by reserved candidates?:
We then come to another important point that was argued by learned senior counsel Sri K.Parasaran. It was argued that in Virpal, the Court was concerned with a circular of the Railways dated 31.8.82 which permitted discounting the seniority of roster promotee from the date of continuous officiation and which also stated that his seniority should be as per the ranking in the basic level.
The Court in Virpal held that it was "permissible" for the Government to do so. It was argued by Sri K.Parasaran that it was one thing to say that it was "open" to the Government to deprive the roster promotee of the benefit of such seniority from the date of roster promotion but it was another thing to say that even if the Government thought fit to give benefit of seniority on the basis of roster promotion, the same should be tested on the anvil of Article 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution of India. Thus, it was argued that Ajit Singh went far beyond Virpal when it held that any circular, order or rule granting seniority to the roster promotee would be violative of Article 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution of India. That brings us to a close examination of the main principle laid down in Virpal and in Ajit Singh. We shall first take up Virpal. In Virpal, the facts were that the Court was concerned with a circular dated 31.8.82 of the Railways which stated that the seniority of the roster promotees would be based on their panel position in the initial grade. The case involved two services - Guards and Station Masters. Railways Guards would be recruited as Guard C and promoted as Guard B, then as Guard A and as Guard (Special). Promotion was to be by rule of seniority-cum-suitability. In other words, these were non-selection posts. On the other hand, in the case of Station Masters, a selection process was involved for purposes of promotion.
It is argued by the reserved candidates that Virpal was not correctly decided because in Virpal, the Court went by a printed Brochure and committed a factual mistake in thinking that the circular of the Railways itself required the panel seniority at the initial level to be reflected at higher levels. The same point was raised by the Indian Railways in its intervention applications IAs 10-12/98. It was argued that in Virpal the Court erred in not noticing the full text of the Circular dated 31.8.82 which, showed that, as per para 319 of the Railway Establishment Code, Vol.1, panels were required to be prepared at each level.
We have examined Virpal closely in the light of the above objection. In our view, the above criticism is wholly unjustified and is based upon a wrong mixing up of the separate conclusions arrived at in Virpal in regard to two different sets of employees. As stated earlier, the Court was there concerned with posts of Railway Guards and also with posts of Station Masters. The former ( i.e.
Guard posts) were posts governed by the rule of seniority-cum-suitability. In other words, for Guards, seniority would govern subject to omission of those found unsuitable for promotion. On the other hand, Station Masters' posts were governed by selection at every level of promotion. The learned Judge, Justice Jeevan Reddy, while dealing initially with the promotions of Guards ( See P.702 of SCC) from C Grade to B, from B to A, and from A to Special Grade A pointed out that the seniority- cum-fitness rule applicable in their cases resulted in the seniority at the Level of Guard C in the initial panel being reflected from stage to stage, subject to fitness. When the learned Judge came to discuss the issues relating to Station Masters,(See SCC P.711) where merit and selection were involved, the learned Judge stated that separate panels were to be prepared at every level and also that those in an earlier panel would be senior to those in a latter panel.
In either situation, it was laid down that the reserved candidates could not count their 'seniority' on the basis of roster point promotion. Learned Additional Solicitor General, Sri C.S. Vaidyanathan, attempted to argue that what the Court said in para 25, 26 was wrong as it assumed that seniority at Level 1 would get reflected in the levels higher up and what is stated in para 46, 47 in regard to one previous panel having priority over a later panel would apply in all cases, even to Guards referred to in paras 25,
26. The said contention, in our view, is based on a mixing up of the cases of Station Masters and Guards who were governed by different rules of promotion. We are satisfied that there is no factual mistake committed in the judgment in Virpal. In fact, subsequent to Virpal, the Railways accepted the judgment and issued an order on 28.2.1997 both in regard to non-selection and selection posts. The point raised in the IAs by the Railways is therefore liable to be rejected. We shall refer to these IAs again in our separate judgment relating to individual cases. Did Ajit Singh go beyond Virpal and if so, was it correctly decided? We now deal with the points raised by the reserved candidates against the correctness of Ajit Singh. It was urged by learned senior counsel Sri K.Parasaran, that Ajit Singh went far beyond Virpal. It is pointed out that in Virpal, this Court was concerned with a circular of the Railways which stated that the roster promotees could not, on that count, claim seniority. In that context, Jeevan Reddy, J. no doubt stated in Virpal ( See 1995 (6) SCC 684 at 701) as follows:
"In short, it is open to the State, if it is so advised ...... It is permissible for the State to do so." But, according to learned senior counsel, Sri K. Parasaran, in Ajit Singh, this Court went further and stated that any rule, circular or order which gave seniority to the roster point promotees was bad and that this view is not correct.
Our attention is invited to 1996 (2) SCC 715 ( at 732) as follows:
"According to us, this question cannot be examined only on the basis of any circular, order or rule issued or framed by the State Government or the Union of India. This has to be tested on the basis of our constitutional scheme of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution." In our opinion, there is no conflict in the principles laid down in these two judgments, nor is there anything wrong in the above elucidation of the law. In Virpal it was not necessary for the Court to go into the question whether any circular - if it gave seniority to the roster point promotees (reserved candidates) - could be treated as valid. But, in Ajit Singh which was an appeal against the Full Bench Judgment in Jaswant singh 1989 (4) SLR 257, this Court was dealing with a declaration made by the Full Bench for implementation of the Punjab circular dated 19.7.69 (see para 29 of Full Bench) which positively declared that the "roster points were seniority points".
That was why in Ajit Singh this Court had to consider the validity of such a Circular. In Ajit Singh this Court held that the declaration granted in the impugned judgment of the Full Bench in Jaswant singh on the basis of the Punjab circular would be in conflict with Article 14 and Article 16(1). This Court had therefore to lay down that any circular, order or rule issued to confer seniority to the roster point promotees, would be invalid. Thus, the decision in Ajit Singh cannot be found fault with. Does Indira Sawhney protect seniority of promotees at roster point: Learned senior counsel Sri K.Parasaran contended that Indira Sawhney permitted reservations in promotions for a further period of 5 years and that during that period Article 16(4A) was incorporated in Part III of the Constitution and, therefore, the concept of seniority attached to the roster promotion, as per certain rulings then in force, must be deemed to continue and deemed to be permissible in view of Article 16(4A). We may point out that Indira Sawhney did not have to go into issues relating to seniority and on the other hand it referred to the principle of balancing Article 16(4) against the rights of the individual under Article 16(1). It is, therefore, not possible to accept that the 5 year rule and Article 16(4A) would keep out the applicability of Article 16(1) to test the validity of any circular, order or rule which conferred seniority to the roster point promotees. Do principles in Mervyn Continho 1966 (3) SCR 60 apply to reserved candidates? Does the roster point for reserved candidates at Level 1 decide seniority at Level 1? Considerable reliance was placed by learned senior counsel Sri D.D.Thakur and Sri Raju Ramachandran on the decision of this Court in Mervyn Continho & Others vs. Collector of Customs 1966 (3) SCR 600.
In that case, the service was constituted from two sources, namely direct recruits and promotees. Question of seniority arose at two levels - at the level of Appraisers and at the level of Principal Appraisers. At the initial level of Appraisers, there was a roster for determining the seniority of the direct recruits and promotees. The direct recruits were placed first in the roster and then the promotees alternatively at the basic level. The promotees who joined service earlier questioned the above rule as being violative of their seniority at the level of Appraisers in view of Article 16(1). This challenge was negatived by this Court on the ground that such 'anomalies arise not on account of there being no direct recruitment for several years' and the roster point seniority was not opposed to the principle of equality of opportunity in Government service. It was said that the anomaly arose out of the fortuitous circumstance that in the particular service of Appraisers, for one reason or other, direct recruitment had fallen short of the quota fixed for it. The Court said: "we are not prepared to say that the rotational system of fixing seniority itself offends equality of opportunity....". To this extent the Court held against the promotees in regard to seniority at the basic level of Appraisers. The point here is the roster points in the case of reserved candidates do not determine seniority at the basic level.
Learned senior counsel for the reserved candidates however relied upon the second part of Mervyn which related to seniority at the next level of Principal Appraisers. It was the contention of the direct recruits-respondents that here again the seniority should be alternated between direct recruits and promotees as done at the basic level, though there was no such rule. Here, the promotee Appraisers contended that the seniority at the level of Principal Appraisers would be governed by the rule of continuous officiation and that there can be no rotation alternatively at this higher level on the basis of birthmarks at the level of Appraisers. This plea of the promotees was accepted by this Court. The point here is that once the roster at the level of Appraisers is one which fixed seniority at level 1, promotions to Level 2 for Principal Appraisers, have necessarily to be made on that basis. For fixing seniority at Level 2, there is no question of placing direct recruits and promotees alternatively. It has to be on the basis of date of promotion of each of the officers to Level 2, irrespective of their birthmarks. The above decision in Mervyn cannot apply to a case of reservation because the roster in Mervyn was intended to determine seniority while the roster in the cases of reservation under Article 16(4) or Article 16(4A) are not intended to determine seniority but are merely intended to provide "adequate representation" at the promotional level. To what extent, Hiralal, Karamchand and Kailash Chand Joshi's cases help the reserved candidates? Learned senior counsel for the reserved candidates placed strong reliance on three other decisions of this Court namely, State of Punjab vs. Hira Lal 1970 (3) SCC 567, Karam Chand vs. Haryana State Electricity Board 1989 Suppl. (1) SCC 342 and Kailash Chand Joshi vs.
Rajasthan High Court 1996 (1) SCALE 752. In Hira Lal's case decided by a three Judge Bench, there was a circular issued by the Punjab Government providing, for the first time, reservation in promotional posts. The 1st respondent who was a general candidate senior to
