Mithlesh Kumari & Anr Vs. Fateh Bahadur Singh & Anr [1991] INSC 64 (22 February 1991)
Saikia, K.N. (J) Saikia, K.N. (J) Punchhi, M.M.
CITATION: 1991 SCR (1) 699 1991 SCC (2) 236 JT 1991 (2) 75 1991 SCALE (1)313
ACT:
U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950- Scope and object of.
U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950- Section 3(8a)-Definition of 'fragment'-Addition-Purpose of.
U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950- Sections 168-A, 167-Object, scope and application of-Sale of fragments of a fragment to non-tenure holders-Whether hit by the provisions.
HEAD NOTE:
The respondent No. 1 sued the second respondent (defendant No. 1) and the appellants (defendant Nos. 2 and 3) for specific performance of a contract whereunder the second respondent had agreed to sell his lands to the first respondent for Rs. 5,000 out of which Rs.4,000 were paid, and the balance Rs.1,000 was to be paid within 5 years whereafter the second respondent was to execute a sale deed in favour of the first respondent.
The Munsif decreed the suit only for recovery of Rs,4,850 plus pendente lite and future interest on Rs.4,000 and this order was confirmed by the Civil Judge by dismissing the appeal of respondent No.1.
A second appeal was preferred to the High Court by respondent N. 1 contending that the transfers in favour of the appellants, by respondent No. 2 were void being in contravention of Section 168-A of the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950. The appellants contested the appeal contending that for a transfer being hit by Section 168-A of the Act should be in respect of a specific piece of land and not a share in a holding and that the transfers were of a portion of the shares of respondent No. 1 in the disputed plot.
The High Court allowed the appeal holding that the two transfers made were clearly hit by the provisions of Section 168-A(2) of the Act and that the benefit of Section 43 of the Transfer of property Act could not be availed of by the appellants as the sale deeds were void in the eye of law.
700 The appellant in their appeal to this Court contended that the sale made by respondent No. 2 to the 2nd appellant being hit by the provisions of Section 168-A of the Act, the subject matter of transfer got vested in the Government and the interest of respondent No. 2 in that part of the holding stood extinguished on the date of transfer and that the sale being void, he was left only with the subject matter of transfer, and that the respondent No. 2 having transferred that whole portion to the first appellant by sale deed such transfer being a transfer of the whole area it would be covered by the proviso under Section 168-A and as such, the sale would not be hit by the provisions of Section 168-A.
The first respondent contended that as the sale deeds in favour of the two appellants have been held to be void, the High Court rightly decreed the suit; that he having been in possession of the land and the second respondent's fragmented sales having been found to be void, even if the land would vest in the State, the first respondent would not be divested automatically and the State has to seek possession in accordance with the law.
On the question as to what would be the effect of the two fragmented sales in favour of the appellants, setting aside the order of the High Court and remanding the matter, this Court,
HELD: 1. The U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act was passed as it was considered expedient to provide for the abolition of the Zamindari system which involved intermediaries between the tiller of the soil and the State in Uttar Pradesh and for the acquisition of their rights, title and interest and to reform the law relating to land tenure consequent upon such abolition and acquisition and to make provision for other matters connected therewith. [705E- F]
2. The original Act did not define fragment. The definition of 'fragment' was added by Section 2 of the U.P. Act XVIII of 1956 with a view to prevent fragmentation and promote consolidation of holdings in order to avoid uneconomic units. [705F-G]
3. The object of the section 168-A(1) was to prevent fragmentation of land situated in a conolidated area and transfers that would result in fragmentation or further fragmentation shall be void and to such transfers, Section 167 will mutatis mutandis be applicable, when a fragment situated in a consolidated area is transferred. If transfer of a fragment is made in favour of tenure-holder who has a plot contiguous to the fragment, the purpose of law is not defeated inasmuch as it will be 701 consolidated with the contiguous plot of the transferee.
When the land held by a person in a consolidated area is already a fragment then as was provided previous to the amendment in 1961 the whole of the plot to which the fragment pertained was to be transferred. [708F-709A]
4. After the amendment, the invalidity and applicability of Section 167 is limited to a case where the transfer is not in favour of any such tenure-holder and to the whole or so much of the plot in which the person has bhumidhar rights which pertains to fragment is thereby transferred. If the transferor has bhumidhari rights on the whole of the fragment the whole has to be transferred. If the person has bhumidhari rights only in a part of the plot that part on which he has bhumidhari rights can be transferred. The part on which the person has not bhumidhari rights is not covered by the provisions not because that would not result in further fragmentation but because he had transferable bhumidhari rights only on that portion and not on the other portion. [709A-C]
5. The substitution of the words "bhumidhar with transferable rights" for the word "bhumidhar" would not make any difference when the bhumidhar had transferable rights but would make a difference where the bhumidhar had also lands with non-transferable rights. [710C-D]
6. Under the amended provisions the interest of a bhumidhar with transferable rights in his holding or in part thereof shall be extinguished when the holding or part thereof with bhumidhar rights has been transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of the Act. In other words, when he had bhumidhar rights on the entire holding and the same is transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of the Act his interest shall be extinguished. If he had bhumidhari rights only on a part thereof and it has been transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of the Act his interest in bhumidhari rights in that part shall be extinguished. The reason behind the provision to make fragmentation is the need to prevent further fragmentation if the bhumidhar with his bhumidhari rights over a fragment tries to transfer the fragment, his right over the fragment is extinguished. [710D-E]
7. In the instant case, the bhumidhar respondent No. 2's land measuring 10 bighas, 12 biswas and 10 biswansis was a fragment. He entered into an agreement to sell the land on 5.4.1966 and the first respondent on payment of advance of Rs.4,000 is stated to have had possession of the land.
That sale would attract the provisions of Section 702 168-A, if it resulted in transfer of the fragment. The sales to the appellant No. 1 was dated 2.9.1966 and to appellant No. 2 was dated 21.12.1966. These two sales would be convered by the old provisions of sections 166 and 167, which section did not deal with the case of bhumidhar but only by sirdar or asami. But section 168-A would be attracted and the provisions of Section 167 would mutatis mutandis be applicable. [710G-711B]
8. The High Court did not examine the facts of the case in light of the laws prevailing at the time. Festination justiate est noverea informateeni. Hasty justice is step- mother of misfortune. Injustuim est nisitota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita judicare vel respondere. It is unjust to decide or respond to any particular part of a law without examining the whole of the law. [711B, 711D-E]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2597 of 1983.
From the Judgment and Order dated the 27th October, 1980 of the Allahabad High Court in Second Appeal No. 567 of 1973.
K.V. Vishwanathan, S.R. Setia, K.V. Venkataraman and C.S. Vaidyanathan for the Appellants.
Yogeshwar Prasad, P.K. Bajaj, Ms. Rachna Gupta, Ms. Rani Chhabra for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K.N. SAIKIA, J. This appeal is from the Judgment of the Allahabad High Court dated 27.10.1980 in Second Appeal No.
567 of 1973 allowing the appeal and decreeing the suit of the first respondent for specific performance of contract dated 5.4.1966, wherein it was stipulated that the defendant No. 1 (second respondent) had executed a fictitious sale deed dated 2.9.1966 for Rs.1,000 in favour of defendant No.
2 Kalawati, in respect of half of the suit chak and another sale deed dated 21.12.1966 for Rs.2,000 in favour of defendant No.3 Mithilesh Kumari. Accordingly the plaintiff (first respondent) prayed for directing the defendants 2 & 3 (appellants herein) to execute the required sale deed in case it was not possible for the court to get it executed by defendant No. 1.
The first respondent Feteh Bahadur sued the second respondent 703 Jang Bahadur and the appellants in O.S. No. 278 of 1970, for specific performance of his contract whereunder the second respondent Jang Bahadur had agreed to sell his chak No. 249 admeasuring 10 bighas, 12 biswas and 10 biswansis to the first respondent of Rs. 5,000 out of which Rs. 4,000 were paid and the balance Rs. 1,000 to be paid within 5 years whereafter second respondent Jang Bahadur was to execute a sale deed in favour of the first respondent Fateh Bahadur.
The Court of Munsif, Fatehpur decrced the suit only for recovery of Rs. 4,850 plus pendent lite and future interest on Rs. 4,000. Fateh Bahadur's apeal therefrom having been dismissed by the Civil Judge he preferred second appeal No. 567 of 1973 in the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, contending that the transfers in favour of defendant NOs. 2 & 3, the appellants herein, by Jang Bahadur were in contravention of the provision of Section 168-A of the U.P.
Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (U.P. Act No. 1 of 1951) hereinafter referred to as `the Act', and thus were void and that the view taken by the lower court that the title of Jang Bahadur came to an end since void transfers were made in favour of appellants Kalawati and Mithlesh Kumari, and thus, Jang Bahadur was no longer the holder of any title which could be conveyed to Fateh Bahadur was erroneous in law. Reliance was placed on a decision of the High Court in Parmanand v. Board of Revenue, U.P., Allahabad reported in 1966 ALJ 963. The defendants 2 & 3 who are appellants herein, contended that the two transfers made by Jang Bahadur in their favour were not hit by the provision of Section 168-A of the Act inasmuch as the transfers were of a portion of the shares of Jang Bahadur in the plot in dispute. It was urged that for a transfer being hit by provision of Section 168-A of the Act the same should be in respect of a specific piece of land and not a share in a holding. Reliance was placed on a decision of the same High Court in Bibhuti v. Kashi Ram, 1977 AWC 491.
It was not disputed that the area of land transferred under the two sale deeds in favour of appellants Kalawati and Mithlesh Kumari amounted to fragments under the Act. The High Court considered the question as to whether a transfer which had been made not of the entire share of a holder in a holding but of a fragment would be hit by the provisions of Section 168-A of the Act and took the view that the two transfers made in favour of Kalawati and Mithlesh Kumari were clearly hit by the provisions of Section 168-A of the Act in view of the provisions of sub-clause (2) of that section and that the benefit of Kalawati and Mithlesh Kumari only if the sale deeds executed in their favour could be looked into and as those sale deeds were void in the 704 eye of law it would be presumed as if no legal transfer took place in their favour and there being no legal transfer no question of applicability of Section 43 of the Transfer of Property Act arose. As Jang Bahadur executed the agreement of sale in favour of Fateh Bahadur and as the sale deeds in favour of Kalawati and Mithlesh Kumar were held to have been void, Fateh Bahadur, according to the High Court, was entitled to a decree of specific performance against Kalawati and Mithlesh Kumari on payment of Rs. 1,000 within a period 2 months from the date of receipt of the record in the trial court failing which the court would execute the sale deed in favour of the plaintiff. The appeal was accordingly allowed and the suit decreed as above.
Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, the learned counsel for the appellants submits that the sale made by Jang Bahadur to the 2nd appellant Kalawati on 2.9.1966 being hit by the provisions of Section 168-A of the Act the subject matter of transfer i.e. 5 bighas, 6 biswas and 5 biswansis of Plot No.
249 in village Kichakpur got vested in the Government and the interest of Jang Bahadur in that part of the holding stood extinguished on the date of transfer i.e. 2.9.1966;
that the sale made to Kalawati being void, Jang Bahadur was left only with 5 bighas, 6 biswas and 5 biswansis in Plot No. 249 of village Kichakpur. Jang Bahadur having transferred that whole or entire portion to the first appellants Mithlesh Kumari by sale deed dated 21.12.1966 such transfer being a transfer of the whole area of the Bhumidhar it would be covered by the proviso under Section 168-A and as such, the sale would not be hit by the provisions of Section 168-; that Sections 166, 167,168, 168- A and 189 (aa) form a scheme and if the sale is hit by the provision of 168-A, the result would be that on the date of sale, the interest of the vendor in the subject matter of sale would stand extinguished under Section 189 (aa) and hence 189 (aa) is the provision which extinguishes the right of the vendor in that part of the holding which he contracted to sell in violation of Section 168-A and that the interest of the transferee would stand extinguished under Sections 167 & 168 when the Gaon Sabha or the landholder ejects the transferee from the premises.
According to counsel, harmoniously construing Sections 168 and 189(aa), it would be amply clear that while 189(aa) extinguishes the interest of the vendor on that part of the property which he contracted to sell in violation of 168-A on the date of transfer itself, the interest of the transferee would be extinguished on ejectment from the suit premises; and the High Court erred in directing the appellants to specifically execute the sale deed in favour of the first respondent.
Ms. Rachna Gupta, the learned counsel for the first respondent.
705 submits that as the sale deeds in favour of the two appellants have been held to be void the High Court rightly decreed the suit for specific performance against them on payment of the balance or Rs.1,000 and that he having been in possession of the land and the second respondent's fragmented sales having been found to be void, even if the land would vest in the State, the first respondent would not be divested automatically and the State has to seek possession in accordance with the law.
The only question that falls for determination is what would be the effect of the two fragmented sales in favour of the appellants. In other words, whether as a result of the two sales the entire holding of the bhumidhar Jang Bahadur would vest in the State or only the half in the first sale would vest in the State and the remaining half would thereafter constitute the whole in the hand of the bhumidhar Jang Bahadur and the second sale being of the whole of his remnant holding would be valid so as to convey and transfer right to the vendee Mithlesh Kumari.
There is no dispute that the land of 10 bighas, 12 biswas and 10 biswansis was itself a fragment as defined in clause 8(a) of Section 3 of the Act being less than 3.125 acres. There is also no dispute that the suit land is in a consolidated area and that the appellants were not tenure- holders. It would, therefore, follow that the two halves sold to the appellants were fragments of a fragment.
The Act was passed as it was considered expedient to provide for the abolition of the Zamindari system which involved intermediaries between the tiller of the soil and the State in Uttar Pradesh and for the acquistion of their rights, title and interest and to reform the law relating to land tenure consequent upon such abolition and acquisition and to make provision for other matters connected therewith.
The original Act did not define fragment. The definition of `fragment' was added by Section 2 of the U.P. Act XVIII of 1956 with a view to prevent fragmentation and promote consolidation of holdings in order to avoid uneconomic units. Sections 152 to 175 of the Act dealt with transfer.
Section 152 provided:
"The interest of a bhumidhar with tranferable rights shall subject to the conditions hereinafter contained, be transferable.
(2) Except otherwise expressly permitted by this Act or 706 any other law for the time being in force, the interest of a bhumidhar with non-transferable rights shall not be transferable.
(3) A bhumidhar referred to in sub-section (2) may, in such circumstances as may be prescribed, mortgage, without possessions his interest in his holding, as security for a loan taken from the State Government by way of taqavi, or from a cooperative society or from the State Bank of India, or from any other bank, which is a scheduled bank within the meaning of clause (e) of Section 2 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, or from the Uttar Pradesh State, Agro-Industrial Corporation Limited, and may also transfer by way of gift, the interest in his holding, except the part thereof which has been so mortgaged, to a recognised educational institution for any purpose connected with instructions in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry." The interests of sirdar or asami were originally not transferable as Section 153 said: "Except as expressly permitted by this Act, the interest of a sirdar and asami shall not be transferable." Sections 154 to 170 dealt with transfer of land by bhumidhar. Section 166 originally provided that any transfer made by or an behalf of a sirdar or asami in contravention of the provisions of that chapter was to be void. Section 166 has undergone amendments. The section was substituted by the present section by U.P. Act No. XX of 1982 with effect from 3.6.1981. The present section says: "Every transfer made in contravention of the provisions of this Act shall be void." What was the position in 1966 on the dates of the instant sales has to be known and correctly applied. Section 167 earlier provided for the consequences of void transfers in the following language:
167. (1) Where a sirdar or asami has made any transfer in contravention of the provision of this Act, the transferee and every person who may have thus obtained possession of the whole or part of the holding shall be liable to ejectment on the suit of the Gaon Sabha or the landholder, as the case may be.
(2) A decree for ejectment under sub-section (1) may direct the ejectment of the sirdar or asami from the whole or part of the holding as the Court may, having regard to 707 the circumstances of the case, direct." This section was also substituted by the same Act No. XX of 1982 with effect from 3.6.1981. Section 167 now says:
"167.(1) the following consequences shall ensue in respect of every transfer which is void by virtue of Section 166, namely- (a) the subject-matter of transfer shall with effect from the date of transfer, be deemed to have vested in the State Government free from all encumbrances;
(b) the trees, crops and wells existing on the land on the date of transfer shall, with effect from the said date, be deemed to have vested in the State Government free from all encumbrances;
(c) the transferee may remove other movable property or the materials of any immovable property existing on such land on the date of transfer within such time as may be prescribed.
(2) Where any land or other property has vested in the State Government under sub-section (1), it shall be lawful for the Collector to take over possession over such land or other property and to direct that any person occupying such land or property be evicted therefrom. For the purposes of taking over such possession or evicting such unauthorised occupants, the Collector may use or cause to be used such force as may be necessary." The position before the amendment has been shown to us to enable us to apply the relevant law to the facts of the case. Section 168 which dealt with consequences of ejectment under Section 167 has been omitted by U.P. Act No. VIII of 1977 with effect from 28.1.1977. What was the provision in 1966 is not clear to us. We are told that the section stood as follows in 1966: "S. 168.-Consequences of ejectment under section 167. All the rights and interests of the sirdar and asami upon ejectment in a suit under section 167 in the holding (or part thereof) or in any improvement made therein or to get compensation for such improvements shall be extinguished." But we have not been shown the enactment.
708 Section 168-A was added by Section 9 of U.P. Act XVIII of 1956, subject to the saving contained in Section 23 thereof. This section now says:
"168-A. Transfer of fragments.-Notwithstanding the provisions of any law for the time being in force, no person shall transfer whether by sale, gift or exchange any fragment situate in a consolidated area except where the transfer is in favour of tenure- holder who has a plot contiguous to the fragment or where the transfer is not in favour of any such tenure-holder the whole or so much of the plot in which person has bhumidhari rights, which pertains to the fragment is thereby transferred.
(2) The transfer of any land contrary to the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be void.
(3) When a bhumidhar has made any transfer in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1) the provisions of Section 167 shall mutatis mutandis apply." Section 168-A has undergone amendment by Section 2 of U.P.
Act XXVIII of 1961 when for the words "whole of the plot to which the fragment pertains is hereby transferred", the present words "the whole or so much of the plot in which the person has bhumidhari rights which pertains to the fragment is hereby transferrd" were substituted. This amendment would not affect the instant case. Some words between `167' and `shall' were omitted by U.P. Act XIII of 1977, with effect from 28.1.1977. It may be necessary to know what those were. Sub-section (1) of Section 168-A begins with a non-obstante clause and it over-rides the provisions of any law for the time being in force. The expession `no person' would include the bhumidhar. The object of the section is to prevent fragmentation of land situated in a consolidated area and transfers that would result in fragmentation or further fragmentation shall be void and to such transfers Section 167 will mutatis mutandis be applicable. This section comes into play only when a fragment situated in a consolidated area is transferred. If transfer of a fragment is made in favour of tenure-holder who has a plot contiguous to the fragment, the purpose of law is not defeatd inasmuch as it will be consolidated with the contiguous plot of the transferee. When the land held by a person in a consolidated area is already a fragment then as was provided previous to the amendment in 1961 the whole of the plot to which the fragment pertained was to be 709 transferred. After the amendment, the invalidity and applicability of Section 167 is limited to a case where the transfer is not in favour of any such tenure-holder and to the whole or so much of the plot in which the person has bhumidhari rights which pertains to the fragment is thereby transferred. If the transferor had bhumidhari rights on the whole of the fragment the whole has to be transferred. If the person has bhumidhari rights only in a part of the plot that part on which he has bhumidhari rights can be transferred. The part on which the person has not bhumidhari rights is not covered by the provisions not because that would not result in further fragmentation but because he had transferable bhumidhari rights only on that portion and not on the other portion. There is no doubt that under sub-section (2) transfer of any land countrary to the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be void and under sub-section (3) the provisions of section 167 shall mutatis mutandis apply.
Section 189 deals with extinction of the interest of a bhumidhar with transferable rights and Section 190 deals with extinction of the interest of a bhumidhar with non- transferable rights. Section 189 earlier provided:
"189. The interest of a bhumidhar in his holding or any part thereof shall be extinguished- (a) when he died intestate leaving no heir entitled to inherit in accordance with the provisions of this Act;
(b) when the land compromised in the holding has been acquired under any law for the time being in force relating to the acquisition of land, or (c) when he has been deprived of possession and his right to recover possession is barred by limitation" The words "bhumidhar with transferable rights" were substituted in the first sentence by U.P. Act XVIII of 1977 with effect from 28.1.1977. Clause (aa) was added by Section 50 of U.P. Act XXXVII of 1958, so that the amended section now reads:
"189. Extinction of the interest of a bhumidhar with transferable rights.-The interest of a bhumidhar with transferable rights in his holding or any part thereof shall be extinguished- 710 (a) when he dies intestate leaving no heir entitled to inherit in accordance with the provisions of this Act;
(aa) when the holding or part thereof has been transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of this Act;
(b) when the land comprised in the holding has been acquired under any law for the time being in force relating to the acquisition of land; or
(c) when he has been deprived of possession and this right to recover possession is barred by limitation."
The substitution of the words "bhumidhar with transferable right" for the word "bhumidhar" would not make any difference when the bhumidhar had transferable rights but would make a difference where the bhumidhar has also lands with non-transferable rights. Thus, under the amended provisions the interest of a bhumidhar with transferable rights in his holding or in part thereof shall be extinguished when the holding or part thereof with bhumidhari rights has been transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of the Act. In other words when he had bhumidhari rights on the entire holding and the same is transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of the Act his interest shall be extinguished.
If he had bhumidhari right only on a part thereof and it has been transferred or let out in contravention of the provisions of the Act his interest in bhumidhari right in that part shall be extinguished. The reason behind the provisions to make fragmentation is the need to prevent further fragmentation if the bhumidhar with his bhumidhari rights over a fragment tries to transfer the fragment, his right over the fragment is extinguished. Will the same by the result if instead of transferring the entire fragment he transfers a fragment of a fragment? If only a fragment of a fragment is so transferred would the whole fragment be vested in State? Applying the law to the facts of the case in hand we find that the bhumidhar Jang Bahadur's land admeasuring 10 bighas, 12 biswas and 10 biswansis was itself admittedly a fragment. Jang Bahadur entered into an agreement to sell the land on 5.4.1966 and the first respondent Fateh Bahadur on payment of advance of Rs. 4000 is stated to have had possession of the land. That sale would attract the provisions of Section 168-A if it resulted in transfer of the fragment. The sales to the appellants. Kalawati defendant No. 2 was dated 2.9.1966 and to Mith- 711 lesh Kumari defendant No. 3 was dated 21.12.1966. These two sales would be covered by the old provisions of sections 166 and 167, which sections did not deal with the case of bhumidhar but only by sirdar or asami. But Section 168-A would be attracted and the provisions of Section 167 would mutatis mutandis be applicable.
The High Court did not examine the facts of the case in light of the laws prevailing at the time of the sales. If the sales were in contravention of the provisions of law so as to entail invalidity of the sale and vesting of the land sold in the State, the question whether in such a case specific performance of the contract would be justified or not would also be germane. While holding both the sales to the appellants to have been void, the High Court did not take into consideration the exception as to transfer of "the whole or so much of the plot in which the person has bhumidhari rights." The High Court also failed to notice and apply clause (aa) of Section 189 which was added by Section 50 of U.P. Act XXXVII of 1958 and was applicable to the case.
Festinatio justitiae est noverea informateeni. (Hob. 97) Hasty justice is stepmother of misfortune. Injustum est nisi tota lege inspecta, de una aliqua ejus particula proposita judicare vel respondere. It is unjust to decide or respond to any particular part of a law without examining the whole of the law. But we are in time constraint. By consensus with the learned counsel for the parties, we set aside the impugned order and remand this case to the High Court for disposal in accordance with the law applicable to the facts of the case expeditiously. The appeal is disposed of accordingly. We leave the parties to bear their own costs.
V.P.R. Appeal disposed of.
