Vannarakkal Kallalathil Sreedharan Vs. Chandramaath Balakrishnan & Anr [1990] INSC 77 (6 March 1990)
Shetty, K.J. (J) Shetty, K.J. (J) Sahai, R.M. (J)
CITATION: 1990 SCR (1) 832 1990 SCC (3) 291 JT 1990 (1) 390 1990 SCALE (1)519
ACT:
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: S. 64, or 38, Rule 10--Conveyance in pursuance of antecedent agreement for sale of attached property--Whether passes good title.
HEAD NOTE:
The land in dispute was agreed to be sold in favour of the appellant under an agreement. Subsequently, a third party in execution of a decree got the property attached.
The sale deed was executed thereafter. A question arose as to the validity of the sale. The High Court held that the sale would be subject to attachment.
Allowing the appeal by special leave, the Court,
HELD: The agreement for sale creates an obligation attached to the ownership of the property. The attaching creditor is entitled to attach only the right, title and interest of the judgment debtor. Hence, if an agreement for sale is entered into before attachment, the attachment cannot be free from the obligation so incurred, and the attaching creditor will not get any right higher than the judgment debtor had on the date of the attachment. He cannot ignore that obligation and proceed to bring the property to sale as if it remained the absolute property of the judgment debtor. [835C, 834F, 835E] Accordingly, though s. 64 CPC is intended to protect the attaching creditor, but if the subsequent conveyance is in pursuance of an agreement for sale which was entered into before the attachment, the contractual obligation arising therefrom must be allowed to prevail over the rights of the attaching creditor. The rights of the attaching creditor shall not be allowed to override the contractual obligation arising from the antecedent agreement for sale of the at- tached property. [835D-E] Paparaju Veeraraghavayya v. Killaru Kamala Devi & Ors., AIR 1935 Mad. 193; Veerappa Thevar & Ors. v.C.S. Venkataram- ma Aiyar & Ors., AIR 1935 Mad. 872; Angu Pillai v. M.S.M. Kasiviswanathan Chettiar, AIR 1974 Mad. 16; Puma Chandra Basak v. Daulat Ali Mollah, AIR 1973 Cal. 432; Rango Rama- chandra v. Gurlingappa 833 Chinnappa, AIR 1941 Bom. 198; Yashvant Shankar Dunakhe v. Prayarji Nurji Tamboli, AIR 1943 Bom. 145 and Kochuponchi Varughese v. Quseph Lonan, AIR 1952 Travancore-Cochin 467, approved.
Mohinder Singh & Anr. v. Nanak Singh & Anr., AIR 1971 Pb. & Haryana 381, overruled.
The sale in the instant case would not thus be subject to the attachment. The purchaser would get good title de- spite attachment. [833F, 834D]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1349 of 1990 From the Judgment and Order dated 18.8.1988 of the Kerala High Court in E.S.A. No. 23 of 1987.
S. Padmanabhan and R.N. Keshwani for the appellant.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. JAGANNATHA SHETTY, J. Special leave granted.
An extent of 80-cents of land which is in dispute in this appeal was agreed to be sold in favour of the appellant under an agreement dated October 9, 1978. Before the sale deed was executed, a third party in execution of a decree got the property attached on November 16, 1978. The sale deed was executed on November 23, 1978. The question is:
Does the sale prevail over the attachment? The High Court of Kerala in the judgment under appeal has held that the sale would be subject to attachment. This appears from the following observation:
"The sale deed was executed at a time when the property was already under attachment. It is true that even before af- fecting attachment there was an agreement for sale by Saroj- ini Ramakrishnan in favour of the appellant. But the agree- ment for sale will not create any interest in the property.
The fact that Ext. A-12 Sale deed was executed on the basis of an agreement executed before the attachment will not place the appellant in any better position. He could take the 80 cents under Ext. A-12 only subject to the attachment." 834 The correctness of the view taken by the High Court has been called into question in this appeal.
We may first draw attention to some of the relevant statutory provisions bearing on the question. Order 38 Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that attachment before judgment shall not affect the rights existing prior to the attachment of persons not parties to the suit. Under Section 40 of the Transfer of Property Act, a purchaser under a contract of sale of land is entitled to the benefit of an obligation arising out of that contract and it pro- vides that that obligation may be enforced inter alia against a transferee with notice. Section 91 of the Trusts Act also recognises this principle that the transferee with notice of an existing contract of which specific performance can be enforced must hold the property for the benefit of the party to the contract. These are equitable rights though not amounting to interest in immovable property within the meaning of Section 54 of the Transfer of Property Act which declares that a contract of sale does not create an interest in the property. On this line of reasoning it has been held by the Madras High Court that the purchaser of an antecedent agreement gets good title despite attachment. See Paparaju Veeraraghavayya v. Killaru Kamala Devi & Ors., AIR 1935 Mad. 193, Veerappa Thevar & Ors. v.C.S. Venkataramma Aiyar & Ors., AIR 1935 Mad. 872 and Angu Pillai v.M.S.M. Kasiviswa- nathan Chettiar, AIR 1974 Mad. 16.
There is a useful parallel from the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Purna Chandra Basak v. Daulat Ali Mollah, AIR 1973 Cal. 432 wherein it was observed that the attaching creditor attaches only the right, title and inter- est of the debtor and attachment cannot confer upon him any higher right than the judgment-debtor had at the date of attachment.
Hence, if under a contract of sale entered into before attachment, the conveyance after attachment in pursuance of the contract passes on good title inspite of the attachment.
To the same effect are the decisions of the Bombay High Court in Rango Ramachandra v. Gurlingappa Chinnappa, AIR 1941 Bom. 198 and Yashvant Shankar Dunakhe v. Prayarji Nurji Tamboli, AIR 1943 Bom. 145. The High Court of Travancore- Cochin in Kochuponchi Varughese v. Quseph Lonan, AIR 1952 Travancore-Cochin 467 has also adopted the same reasoning.
The Punjab & Haryana High Court however, has taken a con- 835 trary view in Mohinder Singh and Anr. v. Nanak Singh and Anr., AIR 1971 Pb. & Haryana 381. It has been held that a sale in pursuance of a pre-attachment agreement is a private afienation of property and must be regarded as void against the claim ot the attaching creditor. In support of this proposition, Section 64 of the Code of Civil Procedure was relied upon which according to the High Court was intended to protect the attaching creditor against private aliena- tion. This was also the observation of the Lahore High Court in Buta Ram & Ors. v. Sayyed Mohammad, AIR 1935 Lahore 71.
In our opinion, the view taken by the High Courts of Madras, Bombay, Calcutta and Travancore-Cochin in the afore- said cases appears to be reasonable and could be accepted as correct. The agreement for sale indeed creates an obligation attached to the ownership of property and since the attach- ing creditor is entitled to attach only the right, title and interest of the judgment-debtor, the attachment cannot be free from the obligations incurred under the contract for sale. Sec. 64 CPC no doubt was intended to protect the attaching creditor, but if the subsequent conveyance is in pursuance of an agreement for sale which was before the attachment, the contractual obligation arising therefrom must be allowed to prevail over the rights of the attaching creditor. The rights of the attaching creditor shall not be allowed to override the contractual obligation arising from an antecedent agreement for sale of the attached property.
The attaching creditor cannot ignore that obligation and proceed to bring the property to sale as if it remained the absolute property of the judgment-debtor. We cannot, there- fore, agree with the view taken by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Mohinder Singh's case AIR 1971 Pb. & Haryana 381.
In the conclusion that we have reached, this appeal must beallowed and is accordingly allowed. The order of the High Court is reversed and that of the trial court is restored.
In the circumstances of the case, we make no order as to costs.
P.S.S. Appeal allowed.
