Citation : 2021 Latest Caselaw 19357 Ker
Judgement Date : 16 September, 2021
IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM
PRESENT
THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE R. NARAYANA PISHARADI
THURSDAY, THE 16TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER 2021 / 25TH BHADRA, 1943
CRL.MC NO. 3193 OF 2021
AGAINST THE ORDER DATED 30.11.2018 IN CRL.M.P.NO.36/2015 IN
IN CC NO. 2/2014 OF ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER& SPECIAL JUDGE,
THRISSUR
PETITIONER/RESPONDENT:
M/S.MAC CHARLES (INDIA) LIMITED
NO.28, SANKEY ROAD, BANGALORE-560052, REPRESENTED
BY ITS OPERATIONS MANAGER, MR. SARTAJ SEWA SINGH.
BY ADVS.
B.RAMAN PILLAI (SR.)
R.ANIL
M.SUNILKUMAR
SUJESH MENON V.B.
T.ANIL KUMAR
THOMAS ABRAHAM (NILACKAPPILLIL)
MAHESH BHANU S.
S.LAKSHMI SANKAR
RESPONDENT/COMPLAINANT:
STATE OF KERALA
REPRESENTED BY THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR, HIGH COURT
OF KERALA, ERNAKULAM, KOCHI-682031.
BY ADV SMT.REKHA.S, SR.P.P.
THIS CRIMINAL MISC. CASE HAVING COME UP FOR ADMISSION ON
01.09.2021, THE COURT ON 16.09.2021 DELIVERED THE FOLLOWING:
Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
2
"CR"
R.NARAYANA PISHARADI, J
**********************
Crl.M.C.No.3193 of 2021
-------------------------------------
Dated this the 16th day of September, 2021
-------------------------------------------
ORDER
This is a petition filed under Section 482 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short 'the Code'), challenging
Annexure-14 order passed by the Court of the Enquiry
Commissioner and Special Judge, Thrissur in the case
C.C.No.2/2014 pending in that court.
2. The petitioner is a company registered under the
Companies Act, 1956.
3. One Rajendra Prasad @ Anwar Ali is the accused in the
case C.C.No.2/2014 pending in the Special Court. He had served
as Regional Transport Officer in the Motor Vehicles Department.
The allegation against him in the above case is that, during the Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
period from 01.01.1993 to 24.03.2006, he acquired and
possessed assets worth Rs.2,52,71,605.97/- which was
disproportionate and 96.96% in excess of his known sources of
income and that he committed an offence punishable under
Section 13(1)(e) read with 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption
Act, 1988 (for short 'the Act')
4. The F.I.R in the above case was registered against the
accused by the Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau (VACB) on
23.03.2006.
5. As per Annexure-1 document dated 27.04.2006, the
petitioner purchased 15 cents of land, with a residential building
therein (hereinafter referred to as 'the schedule property'), from
the wife of the accused in the above case, for a consideration of
Rs.1,28,00,000/-.
6. The State Government issued Annexure-3 order dated
05.02.2010, authorising the investigating officer in the above
case to file a report and affidavit before the District Judge,
Ernakulam under the Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 1944
(hereinafter referred to as 'the Ordinance') for attachment of the Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
schedule property.
7. The investigating officer filed Annexure-4 application
under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance in the District Court,
Ernakulam on 25.08.2010 for attachment of the schedule
property. As per the order of the District Court, the aforesaid
property was attached. The period of attachment of the schedule
property was subsequently extended till the date 31.12.2013.
8. The investigating officer filed Annexure-5 application
before the District Court, Ernakulam for extension of the period
of attachment of the schedule property from 31.12.2013.
9. As per Annexure-6 order dated 15.10.2014, the
District Court, Ernakulam dismissed Annexure-5 application for
the reason that final report against the accused in the case had
already been filed in the Court of the Enquiry Commissioner and
Special Judge, Thrissur on 02.11.2013 and it was the Special
Court which was competent to deal with the matter.
10. On 04.02.2015, the petitioner filed Annexure-7
application in the District Court, Ernakulam praying that lifting of
the attachment over the schedule property may be intimated to Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
the office of the Sub Registrar concerned since there was no
attachment in force.
11. As per Annexure-8 order dated 28.02.2015, the
District Court, Ernakulam found that there was no order of
attachment in force in respect of the schedule property and
therefore, allowed Annexure-7 application. The District Court
directed that lifting of the attachment over the schedule property
shall be intimated to the office of the Sub Registrar concerned.
12. On 23.02.2015, the investigating officer filed
Annexure-9 application under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance in
the Court of the Enquiry Commissioner and Special Judge,
Thrissur for attachment of five items of properties including the
schedule property.
13. As per Annexure-10 order dated 16.12.2015, the
Special Court allowed Annexure-9 application and ordered
attachment of all the five items of properties including the
schedule property.
14. The petitioner filed Crl.M.C No. 2776/2018 before this
Court challenging Annexure-10 order passed by the Special Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
Court.
15. As per Annexure-11 order dated 11.06.2018 in Crl.M.C
No. 2776/2018, this Court set aside Annexure-10 order as far as
it related to the schedule property and directed the Special Court
to pass fresh order in Annexure-9 application after giving an
opportunity of hearing to the petitioner.
16. However, the investigating officer filed Annexure-12
application in the Special Court on 02.07.2018 for regularisation
of the attachment over the schedule property, after issuing notice
to the petitioner.
17. The petitioner filed Annexure-13 statement of
objection to Annexure-12 application.
18. As per Annexure-14 order dated 30.11.2018, the
Special Court allowed Annexure-9 application and ordered
attachment of the schedule property. The aforesaid order is
challenged in this petition filed under Section 482 of the Code.
19. Heard the learned senior counsel for the petitioner and
the learned Public Prosecutor.
20. Learned senior counsel for the petitioner contended Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
that Annexure-9 application filed for attachment of the schedule
property was defective because no affidavit was filed in the
Special Court, as contemplated under Section 3(3) of the
Ordinance, accompanying that application. Learned senior
counsel also contended that the schedule property belonged to
the petitioner, who is not an accused in the case and therefore,
the provisions of Section 6 of the Ordinance are applicable for
considering whether that property is liable to be attached.
Learned senior counsel also contended that, the Special Court
failed to consider whether there were sufficient grounds as
stipulated under Section 6 of the Ordinance to order attachment
of the schedule property.
21. During the hearing of the case, this Court had made a
specific query to the learned Public Prosecutor, whether any
affidavit, as contemplated under Section 3(3) of the Ordinance,
had been filed by the investigating officer along with Annexure-9
application. Learned Public Prosecutor submitted that no such
affidavit had been filed by the investigating officer. Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
22. The Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 1944 was
promulgated to prevent disposal or concealment of property
procured by means of the offences specified in its Schedule,
which now include an offence under the Prevention of Corruption
Act, 1988. The Ordinance sets out the procedure for attachment
of money or other property which the Central/State Government
believes that the person, who is accused of a scheduled offence,
has procured by means of such offence.
23. The Ordinance is one of the earliest legal measures
implemented to take away the ill-gotten wealth of public servants
who engage in corrupt practices. The Ordinance is a permanent
one. It was promulgated in exercise of the powers conferred
under Section 72 of the Ninth Schedule of the Government of
India Act, 1935. It was adopted by the Presidential Adaptation of
Laws Order, 1950 issued under the powers conferred by
Clause (2) of Article 372 of the Constitution of India, thus,
making it effective in the territory of India and, therefore,
continues to remain in force (See Nevada Properties Private
Limited v. State of Maharashtra : AIR 2019 SC 4554). Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
24. Section 3(1) of the Ordinance provides that, where the
State Government or as the case may be, the Central
Government has reason to believe that any person has
committed any scheduled offence, the Government may, whether
or not any court has taken cognizance of the offence, authorise
the making of an application to the District Judge within the local
limits of whose jurisdiction, the said person ordinarily resides or
carries on business, for the attachment of any money or other
property, which the Government believes the said person to have
procured by means of such offence. It also provides that, if such
money or property cannot for any reason be attached, prayer can
be made for attachment of other property of the said person of
the value as nearly as may be equivalent thereto.
25. Sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Ordinance
mandates that, the application shall be accompanied by one or
more affidavits stating the grounds on which the belief that the
said person has committed any schedule offence is founded, and
the amount of money or value of other property believed to have
been procured by means of the offence. The application shall also Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
furnish - (a) any information available as to the location for the
time being of any such money or other property, and shall, if
necessary, give particulars, including the estimated value, of
other property of the said person; (b) the names and addresses
of any other persons believed to have or to be likely to claim, any
interest or title in the property of the said person.
26. By virtue of sub-section (2) of Section 3 of the
Ordinance, the provisions of Order XXVII of the First Schedule to
the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, apply to the proceedings for
an order of attachment under the Ordinance as they apply to
suits by the Government.
27. Section 4 of the Ordinance deals with ad interim
attachment of property by the jurisdictional District Judge.
Section 5 of the Ordinance deals with investigation of objections
to attachment and making the attachment absolute and
withdrawing of the attachment.
28. Section 6 of the Ordinance deals with attachment of
property of mala fide transferees. This provision reads as
hereunder:
Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
"6. Attachment of property of mala fide
transferees.---(1) Where the assets available for attachment of a person believed to have committed a scheduled offence are found to be less than the amount or value which he is believed to have procured by means of such offence, and where the District Judge is satisfied by affidavit or otherwise, that there is reasonable cause for believing that the said person has, after the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed, transferred (whether after the commencement of this Ordinance or not) any of his property otherwise than in good faith and for consideration, the District Judge may by notice require any transferee of such property (whether or not received the property directly from the said person) to appear on a date to be specified in the notice and show cause why so much of the transferee's property as is equivalent to the proper value of the property transferred should not be attached.
(2) Where the said transferee does not appear and show cause on the specified date, or where after investigation in the manner provided in sub-section (2) of Section 5, the District Judge is satisfied that the transfer of the property to the said transferee was not in good faith and for Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
consideration, the District Judge shall order the attachment of so much of the said transferee's property as is in the opinion of the District Judge equivalent to the proper value of the property transferred".
29. Sub-section (6) of Section 5 of the Act provides that, a
Special Judge, while trying an offence punishable under the Act,
shall exercise all the powers and functions exercisable by a
District Judge under the Ordinance.
30. A new Chapter IVA, containing Section 18A, has been
inserted in the Act, by Amendment Act 16 of 2018 and it has
come into force from 26.07.2018.
31. Section 18A(1) of the Act provides that, save as
otherwise provided under the Prevention of Money Laundering
Act, 2002, the provisions of the Ordinance shall, as far as may
be, apply to the attachment, administration of attached property
and execution of order of attachment or confiscation of money or
property procured by means of offence under the Act.
32. Section 18A(2) of the Act states that, for the purposes
of the Act, the provisions of the Ordinance shall have effect, Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
subject to the modification that the reference to "District Judge"
shall be construed as reference to "Special Judge".
33. A Division Bench of this Court, in Dr.V.K.Rajan v.
State of Kerala : 2007 (4) KHC 828, had occasion to interpret
the provision contained in sub-section (6) of Section 5 of the Act.
The Division Bench took note of the expression 'while trying the
offence' in that provision and held that the Special Court can
exercise the jurisdiction of the District Court under the Ordinance
only after starting the trial of the case against the accused and
that the Legislature empowered the Special Judge to exercise the
power of District Judge for attachment of the property 'while
trying the offence' only and not at the pre-trial or post-trial
stage. It was held that, before starting of the trial, the application
for attachment shall be submitted to the District Judge concerned
since the power of attachment under the Ordinance is given to
the Special Judge under Section 5(6) of the Act only 'while trying'
the case and not during pre-trial stage or investigation stage.
34. Now, after the introduction of Section 18A(2) in the Act,
it appears that the dichotomy of jurisdiction of the District Judge Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
and the Special Judge, which was explained by the Division
Bench in Dr.V.K.Rajan (supra), has disappeared. The Division
Bench had noticed that, in Section 29 of the Act it was not
mentioned that the words 'District Court' wherever appear in the
Ordinance shall be substituted by 'Special Court'. The change
now occurred by the introduction of Section 18A(2) in the Act is
exactly what the Division Bench had referred to above. Section
18A(2) of the Act states that, for the purposes of the Act, the
provisions of the Ordinance shall have effect, subject to the
modification that the reference to "District Judge" shall be
construed as reference to "Special Judge". Therefore, the
expression 'while trying the offence' in Section 5(6) of the Act
stands expanded by the words "for the purposes of this Act"
contained in Section 18A of the Act. It means that, with effect
from 26.07.2018, even at the pre-trial stage, the Special Court
has jurisdiction to entertain an application under Section 3(1) of
the Ordinance.
35. Now, coming to the facts of the present case, it is to
be noted that the investigating officer filed Annexure-12 Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
application in the Special Court for regularisation of the
attachment over the schedule property. When the investigating
officer filed that application, the attachment over the schedule
property was not in force since Annexure-10 order of attachment
passed by the Special Court in respect of that property had been
set aside by this Court as per Annexure-11 order.
36. The operative portion of Annexure-11 order passed by
this Court reads as follows:
"In the result, this Crl.M.C stands allowed and Annexure-J order stands set aside to the extent it affects the properties of the petitioner. The court below is directed to pass order afresh on Crl.M.P.No.316 of 2015 in respect of the properties of the petitioner, in accordance with law, affording reasonable opportunity to the petitioner of being heard.
I make it clear that the petitioner shall be at liberty to raise all his contentions before the court below. If the petitioner raises contentions before the court below, the court below shall consider all the said contentions in accordance with law."
37. Annexure-9 application is the application which is
referred to as Crl.M.P.No.316 of 2015 in the above order. It is Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
crystal clear from Annexure-11 order that the attachment of the
schedule property was set aside by this Court. Therefore, when
the investigating officer filed Annexure-12 application for
regularisation of attachment, no such attachment was in force.
Therefore, there was also no question of regularisation of any
such attachment. Annexure-12 application filed by the
investigating officer was totally misconceived.
38. The specific direction given by this Court, as per
Annexure-11 order, to the Special Court was to pass fresh order
in Annexure-9 application after giving opportunity of hearing to
the petitioner. Annexure--9 was an application filed by the
investigating officer under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance. It was
not an application filed for extending the period of attachment.
The reason is that the attachment of the schedule property
earlier ordered by the District Court was not in force at the time
of filing Annexure-9 application. While passing Annexure-8 order,
the District Court had made it clear that no order of attachment
was in force.
39. Learned senior counsel for the petitioner would Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
contend that, when the property of the accused is sought to be
attached, the application has to be filed under Section 3(1) of the
Ordinance and when the property of a transferee is to be
attached, application has to be filed under Section 6 of the
Ordinance. Learned senior counsel would contend that, when the
property has been transferred to another person, Section 6 of the
Ordinance applies and then the investigating officer has to file
application under Section 6 of the Ordinance for attachment of
that property.
40. There is no merit in the above contention. There is
only one provision in the Ordinance for making application for
attachment of property and it is Section 3(1). Section 6 of the
Ordinance does not contemplate filing of any application for
attachment.
41. Section 3(1) of the Ordinance contemplates filing of
application for attachment of two types of properties, namely, (1)
money or other property procured by the accused person by
means of the scheduled offence and (2) if such money or other
property cannot be attached, other property of the accused, of Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
value as nearly as may be equivalent thereto. The first item of
property mentioned above may also include property in the
hands of a transferee. Necessarily, the second item mentioned
above shall be the property of the accused person himself.
42. However, when it is specifically alleged by the
investigating officer that the property liable to be attached is a
property transferred by the accused person otherwise than in
good faith and for consideration, Section 6 of the Ordinance
comes into play. Even then, the application for attachment has
to be filed under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance.
43. Section 6(1) of the Ordinance contemplates issuing
notice to the transferee to show cause why his property shall not
be attached. Section 6(2) of the Ordinance would show that,
when the transferee appears and shows cause, an investigation
in the manner provided in Section 5(2) of the Ordinance shall be
made. Thereafter, if the District Judge or the Special Judge is
satisfied that the transfer of the property to the transferee was
not in good faith and for consideration, then only attachment of
property under Section 6(2) of the Ordinance can be ordered. Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
44. Admittedly, Annexure-9 application filed before the
Special Court under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance was not
accompanied by any affidavit as enjoined by Section 3(3) of the
Ordinance.
45. The Special Court, in the impugned order, referred to
the contention raised by the petitioner that the application for
attachment was defective for want of affidavit. However, the
Special Court failed to consider the objection raised by the
petitioner as to the maintainability of the application for
attachment filed without an affidavit accompanying it.
46. Filing of affidavit, accompanying an application for
attachment under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance, cannot be
considered as an empty formality. Sub-section (3) of Section 3 of
the Ordinance specifically states that application under
sub-section (1) shall be accompanied by affidavit. Such affidavit
shall state the grounds on which the belief that the accused has
committed any scheduled offence is founded. It shall also state
the amount of money or the value of other property believed to
have been procured by means of the offence. Very often, the Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
District Judge or the Special Judge will have to rely upon the
averments in the affidavit to pass an ad interim order of
attachment under Section 4(1) of the Ordinance. The proviso to
Section 4(1) of the Ordinance states that, before passing any
order of ad interim attachment, the District Judge or the Special
Judge may examine the person who filed the affidavit. If the
District Judge or the Special Judge refuses to pass an ad interim
order of attachment, it is mandatory that, before passing such
order, he shall examine the person who has filed the affidavit.
47. It is settled law that, where a statute prescribes a thing
to be done in a particular manner, it has to be done in that
manner and in no other manner. Other methods of performance
are necessarily forbidden.
48. Having found the need and necessity of filing affidavit
as enjoined under Section 3(3) of the Ordinance, the conclusion
is irresistible that, Annexure-9 application filed without such an
affidavit, was not maintainable. The Special Court should not
have entertained Annexure-9 application which was filed without
any accompanying affidavit.
Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
49. Annexure-9 application was defective for another
reason. It was filed not by the person who was specifically
authorised by the Government to file it. Annexure-3 is the copy
of the government order authorising the investigating officer to
file application under Section 3(1) of the Ordinance for
attachment of the schedule property. The last paragraph of
Annexure-3 order reads as follows:
"Government have examined the matter in detail, and authorize Shri.T.M.Varghese, the Investigating Officer, to file a report and affidavit before the District Judge, Ernakulam, under the Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance 1944 for the attachment of 15 cents of land in Survey No.379/10 and 380/01 of Maradu Village along with Building having a plinth area of 3,500 ft 2 bearing No.VI/419/E of Maradu Grama Panchayat, purchased by the Accused Shri R.Rajendraprasad, Deputy Transport Commissioner in the name of his wife Smt.Usha Prasad."
Annexure-9 application was filed not by Sri.T.M.Varghese, who
was specifically authorised by Annexure-A3 order, to file it.
Annexure-9 application was filed by another investigating officer. Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
He was not a person authorised by the Government to do so.
Annexure-3 order passed by the Government was not a general
authorisation to file application under Section 3(1) of the
Ordinance. It specifically authorised a named person to file the
application. Only the person named in Annexure-3 government
order had authority to file the application under Section 3(1) of
the Ordinance. For this reason also, Annexure-9 application filed
in the Special Court was not maintainable.
50. The above view is supported by the decision of the
Bombay High Court in State of Maharashtra v. Trambak
Ananda Mahajan (1988 (1) Crimes 42).
51. After the dismissal of Annexure-5 application by the
District Court as per Annexure-6 order, if the investigating officer
wanted to file a fresh application for attachment in the Special
Court, he should have obtained authorisation from the
Government since he was not the person authorised by the
Government as per Annexure-3 government order to file the
application.
52. The discussion above leads to the conclusion that Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
Annexure-9 application filed in the Special Court was defective
and it was not maintainable for two reasons. (1) The application
was not accompanied by any affidavit as enjoined under Section
3(3) of the Ordinance. (2) The application filed was by a person
who was not authorised by the Government under Section 3(1) of
the Ordinance.
53. It follows that, Annexure-14 order passed by the
Special Court on Annexure-9 application, is not sustainable under
law and it is liable to be set aside.
54. Consequently, the petition is allowed. Annexure-14
order passed by the Special Court is set aside and Annexure-9
application is dismissed. The investigating officer is at liberty to
file fresh application in the Special Court for attachment of
property in accordance with law.
(sd/-) R.NARAYANA PISHARADI, JUDGE
jsr
Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
APPENDIX OF CRL.MC 3193/2021
PETITIONER'S ANNEXURES
Annexure 1 TRUE COPY OF THE SALE DEED NO.2130 OF
2006 OF MARADU SRO.
Annexure 2 TRUE COPY OF O.P.(MISC) NO.428 OF 2007
OF THE DISTRICT COURT ERNAKULAM.
Annexure 3 TRUE COPY OF THE GOVERNMENT ORDER G.O.
(RT) NO.17/2010/VIG, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DATED 5.2.2010.
Annexure 4 TRUE COPY OF THE I.A.NO.1370 OF 2010 IN OP (MISC) 428 OF 2007.
Annexure 5 TRUE COPY OF I.A.NO.5511/2013 FILED BY THE INVESTIGATION OFFICER.
Annexure 6 TRUE COPY OF ORDER DATED 15.10.2014 IN I.A.5511 OF 2013 OF THE DISTRICT COURT, ERNAKULAM.
Annexure 7 TRUE COPY OF I.A.NO.643 OF 2015 IN I.A.NO.5511 OF 2013 IN O.P.(MSC) 428 OF 2017 BY THE PETITIONER.
Annexure 8 THE TRUE COPY OF ORDER DATED 28.2.2015 IN I.A.NO.643 OF 2015 IN I.A.NO.5511 OF 2013 IN O.P. (MISC) 428 OF 2017 OF DISTRICT COURT, ERNAKULAM.
Annexure 9 TRUE COPY OF CRL. M.P.NO.316 OF 2015 IN C.C.NO.2/2014 OF THE COURT OF ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER AND SPECIAL JUDGE, THRISSUR.
Crl.M.C.No.3193/2021
Annexure 10 TRUE COPY OF ORDER DATED 16.12.2015 IN CRL.M.P.NO.316 OF 2015 IN C.C.NO.2 OF 2014 OF THE COURT OF ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER AND SPECIAL JUDGE, THRISSUR.
Annexure 11 TRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT DATED 11.6.2018 IN CRL.M.C.NO.2776 OF 2018 OF THIS HON'BLE COURT.
Annexure 12 TRUE COPY OF CRL.M.P.NO.551 OF 2018 FILED BEFORE THE COURT OF ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER AND SPECIAL JUDGE, THRISSUR.
Annexure 13 TRUE COPY OF THE STATEMENT OF OBJECTION DATED 4.8.2018 FILED BY THE PETITIONER.
Annexure 14 TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER DATED 30.11.2018 IN CRL.M.P.NO.316 OF 2015 OF THE ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER AND SPECIAL JUDGE, THRISSUR.
Annexure 15 TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER DATED 25.9.2014 IN CRL.M.P.NO.1035 OF 2014 IN C.C.NO.2 OF 2014, THE COURT OF ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER AND SPECIAL JUDGE, THRISSUR.
Annexure 16 TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER DATED 11.8.2020 IN CRL.M.P.NO.667 OF 2019 IN CC NO.2 OF 2014, THE COURT OF ENQUIRY COMMISSIONER AND SPECIAL JUDGE, THRISSUR.
RESPONDENT'S EXHIBITS: NIL
TRUE COPY PS TO JUDGE
Publish Your Article
Campus Ambassador
Media Partner
Campus Buzz
LatestLaws.com presents: Lexidem Offline Internship Program, 2026
LatestLaws.com presents 'Lexidem Online Internship, 2026', Apply Now!