Delhi High Court
Ajay Kumar vs State on 3 November, 2014
Author: S.Ravindra Bhat
* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
Reserved on: 13.10.2014
Pronounced on: 03.11.2014
+ CRL.A.1271/2013
AJAY KUMAR ..... Appellant
Versus
STATE ..... Respondent
+ CRL.A.1272/2013, CRL.M.B.2019/2013
TRILOKI CHAND ..... Appellant
Versus
STATE ..... Respondent
Through: Sh. R.M. Tufail with Sh. Farooq
Chaudhary and Sh. Vishal Raj Sahijpal, Advocates,
for the appellants in both the appeals.
Sh. Varun Goswami, APP on behalf of the State
with Inspector Rajbir Singh, PS S.P. Badli, in both
appeals.
CORAM:
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S. RAVINDRA BHAT
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE VIPIN SANGHI
MR. JUSTICE S. RAVINDRA BHAT
%
1. These appeals are directed against a common judgment and
order on the point of sentence of the learned ASJ Rohini in S.C.
No.399/2007. The appellants (hereafter referred to by their names, i.e.
"Ajay" and "Triloki") were convicted for committing offences
punishable under Sections 302/307 IPC read with Section 34 Indian
Penal Code, ("IPC") and sentenced to undergo life imprisonment for
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 1
the offences punishable under Section 302 IPC and five years'
rigorous imprisonment under Section 307 IPC. The Trial Court
directed both the sentences to run concurrently.
2. Briefly the facts are that on 10.09.2007, information was
received by P.S. S.P. Badli (D.D. No.33-A produced as Ex.25/A) that
someone had been grievously injured with an iron rod (saria) and that
the attackers had run away after the assault. The information was sent
to PW-25, SI Puran Panth through PW-5, after which that witness,
(PW-25) left with PWs-5 and 16 to the place of occurrence at Sanjay
Gandhi Transport Nagar. They were then told that the injured, one
Gulshan had been taken to BJRM Hospital by the PCR van. PW-24,
Const. Gunwant, who was patrolling the area, had reached earlier.
PW-25 left the other two police personnel, PWs-5 and 16, and went to
the hospital where he was told that the injured, one Sonu had been
brought dead. The other injured, one Gulshan, (PW-9) was in the
hospital. PW-25 collected the MLC, PW-19/A and made arrangements
to shift the body of the deceased Sonu to the mortuary. FIR
No.702/2007 was subsequently lodged at 02.50 AM. This was based
upon the statement of the injured Gulshan, PW-9/A.
3. PW-9 stated to the police that he and the deceased Sonu worked
for one Khanna Transport Company, Meenakshi Chowk,
Muzaffarnagar, U.P. Sonu was the driver of the truck (registered as
UP-12 T 0087) and PW-9 was conductor (helper). PW-9 further stated
that on 08.09.2007, he and Sonu reached Delhi in the said loaded
truck, parked it in front of one Balaji Transport Company, A-11,
Mandir Mohalla, Sanjay Gandhi Transport Nagar. The truck was
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 2
unloaded and on 10.09.2007, it was loaded with gatta kabad
(cardboard) from Bhalswa to be transported to Muzaffarnagar. After
the truck was loaded it was parked in a vacant spot near the Bhagwan
Pura Jhuggis, A-11, Shanta Nursing Home, Sanjay Gandhi Transport
Nagar. PW-9 went on to state that he and Sonu were having food in a
dhaba. The accused - who were known to Gulshan and who were
employed by one Pappu Lala, as driver and helper went there and
started arguing with Sonu and threatened him. This led to Sonu and
Gulshan leaving the dhaba and going back to the truck. Gulshan
further stated that they tried to start the truck with one Pardeep's
Canter and when he was about to get down from the truck at 11.30
PM, the accused again accosted and threatened him. Thereafter they
attacked him and caused injuries to his head. Upon his crying out,
Sonu got down from the truck to aid him; the accused caught hold of
him, stating, "tera to kaam hi tamam kar dete hai" and showered
blows on the head of Sonu with iron rods. The accused hit and kicked
Sonu and on hearing the commotion and noise, people gathered at the
spot after which the accused fled from the spot in their truck no. HR
38 BD 7368. PW-9 also stated that the police reached the spot
immediately thereafter and took him and Sonu to the hospital. Sonu
was declared brought dead.
4. After the recording of the statements and lodging of the FIR,
investigations were taken over by PW-18, who reached the spot. PW-
25 handed over the deceased's belongings which were taken into
possession by Seizure Memo, Ex.PW-5/A. PW-18 also prepared a site
plan, Ex.PW-18/A at the behest of PW-9. The prosecution also alleged
that the post mortem report was received by the police (Ex.PW-11/B)
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 3
and that the next day, on receiving information regarding the
whereabouts of HR38 BD 7368 from its owner, the police reached
Naseerpur, Dwarka road. The accused were arrested from the truck at
the behest of PW-9, who identified them. Their personal search was
conducted thereafter. It was further alleged that at the behest of the
accused, Triloki, an iron rod was seized and taken into possession by
Seizure Memo No. Ex.PW-5/L. Likewise, another iron road which
was kept underneath the driver's seat was taken into possession by
seizure memo, Ex.PW-5/M. Other articles seized were the accuseds
blood stained clothes, Ex.PW-5/N. The disclosure statements of the
accused, PW-5/P of Triloki, and Ex.PW-5/Q of Ajay were noted.
5. On the basis of these materials, the accused were charged with
offences punishable under Sections 302/307/34 IPC. They denied the
charges and claimed trial. The prosecution examined 25 witnesses and
relied upon several documents and materials. After considering these,
the Trial Court found that the charges had been proved beyond
reasonable doubt and delivered the impugned judgment and also the
order on sentence.
6. Sh. R.M. Tufail, learned counsel for the appellants contends that
the Trial Court fell into error in relying entirely upon the testimony of
PW-9. It was submitted that this witness had contradicted himself
hopelessly. Whereas on 04.10.2007, PW-9, in his deposition sought to
implicate the accused persons, he had given an entirely different
version on 24.04.2011, during his cross-examination. It was urged that
the prosecution story could not have been accepted because there was
no proof of any motive on the part of the accused persons. Stressing
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 4
that in a clear case of direct evidence, motive might be irrelevant,
learned counsel emphasized that in the present case, the so-called
"solitary eyewitness" was unreliable. The other eyewitness, i.e. PW-8
was clearly introduced as an afterthought and in any event, his version
could not be trusted because he did not witness the event. It was
submitted that in these circumstances, the motive which allegedly
impelled the accused persons to murderously assault the deceased was
of vital importance. In failing to produce any material to establish such
motive, on the one hand, and relying almost exclusively on the
dubious testimony of PW-9, on the other, the Trial Court fell into
error.
7. Learned counsel argued that even if for a moment, the
testimony of PWs-8 and 9 were to be taken into account, the fact
remained that their versions showed that a commotion took place.
PW-9 further stated that several persons were present. In the
circumstances, the failure of the police to produce other witnesses in
support of the prosecution's case gravely undermined the allegations
against the accused.
8. Elaborating why PW-9 could not have been believed, it was
urged that besides contradicting himself inherently, even the
examination-in-chief of PW-9 rendered his deposition as a whole
improbable. Learned counsel highlighted the fact that according to the
MLC of PW-9, written as late as at 01.50 AM in the night intervening
10.09.2007/11.09.2007, serious head injuries were recorded and the
injured witness was referred to surgery, yet PW-9 claimed that he was
fit enough to get back to the crime scene and record his statement.
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 5
Learned counsel highlighted that PW-9 admitted that his statement
was not recorded by the police at the hospital, and that after his
discharge he was taken to the police station in the morning, where he
was detained and allowed to leave only the next evening. This
important feature dented the prosecution which the Trial Court failed
to notice.
9. It was next contended that the prosecution's attempt to
somehow implicate the accused persons for the offence, also stood
exposed by the fact that the materials, i.e. the Forensic Report of the
articles recovered could not be connected to the accused persons. It
was submitted that the prosecution's case was that the deceased
Sonu's blood group was "A" and that blood of the same group was
splattered around upon the clothes of the accused persons. However,
there was no material to suggest that the blood group of the deceased
was indeed "A". Likewise, there was no material or evidence to
establish that the blood group of the accused persons was not "A".
Having regard to this state of evidence, it could not be said that the
forensic analysis established any incriminating circumstance against
the two accused. Arguing that undue reliance was placed upon the
testimonies of PWs-1 and 8, learned counsel submitted that PW-1 was
unreliable since he had no records to back the allegations of having
employed the accused. Likewise, PW-8's identity itself was suspect
because his alleged employer did not keep any formal record; what is
more, he is alleged to have employed PW-8 just a few days before the
incident.
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 6
10. It was lastly argued that this Court should look at the overall
circumstances of the case and regardless of the plea taken by the
accused persons, should arrive at the proper inferences and
conclusions. In this context, learned counsel emphasized that
repeatedly in more than one place, the witnesses mentioned that a
quarrel had broken out between the accused and the deceased as well
as PW-9. It was submitted that both contemporaneous documents at
the earliest point of time, i.e. the D.D. entry and MLC mentioned a
quarrel. If indeed there was a quarrel, the context of a drunken brawl
could not be ruled out, especially since there was evidence disclosing
that the deceased and the PW-9 were under the influence of liquor.
Such being the case, there was every reasonable probability of a
sudden quarrel having been broken out which ultimately resulted in
infliction of injuries upon the deceased and PW-9. In these
circumstances, the Trial Court should not have convicted the accused
persons for committing murder but could have, at the most, convicted
them for committing the offences of culpable homicide not amounting
to murder under Section 304 IPC and awarded appropriate sentence.
He urged that this Court should appropriately modify the conviction
and sentence.
11. Counsel for the state urged that the well-reasoned order of the
Trial Court should not be interfered with. It was contended that the
accused have not disputed that the record clearly established their
involvement in the form of the first DD entry; mention of the attack in
the MLC; mention of their names in the FIR as well as their identity.
If these essential facts were to be considered along with the
depositions of PW-8 and PW-9 there is no room for any doubt that
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 7
they, and no one else, were involved in the murderous attack upon the
deceased and the other injured witness, i.e. PW-9. Emphasizing that
the deposition of PW-9 in the examination-in-chief perfectly coincided
with the statement recorded under Section 161, CrPC, it was argued
that the Trial Court's finding giving credence to that part of his
evidence and rejecting his deposition in the cross-examination, was
justified under the circumstances. Learned counsel argued that when
the examination-in-chief was recorded by the Trial Court, there was
no controversy and no occasion for the prosecution to declare PW-9 as
hostile, on the other hand when cross-examination was conducted 6
months later, there was ample opportunity for witness tampering
which appeared to have happened. In the light of this material
circumstance, submitted the learned counsel for the State, the court
had to consider the other circumstances. The testimony of PW-8 was
material and indeed crucial because he confirmed his original
statement recorded during the investigation about what he heard from
Sonu just before he died. The deceased had clearly stated that he was
attacked by the accused, and that they had not done any good ("Accha
nahin kiya"). Being contemporaneous with the incident i.e. the attack
upon Sonu and PW-9, that evidence was crucial, since it was
intrinsically connected with the incident itself, and was consequently
relevant by virtue of Section 6 of the Evidence Act. In this context it
was argued that even if PW-8 was not a witness to the incident itself,
he witnessed something which was so connected with the immediate
aftermath of the attack as to its being a part of the same transaction
that it was most relevant. Learned Counsel in this regard, relied upon
Illustration (a) to Section 6 which states that "(a) A is accused of the
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 8
murder of B by beating him. Whatever was said or done by A or B or
the by-standers at the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to
form part of the transaction, is a relevant fact."
12. Learned counsel for the State disputed the assertion that the
forensic evidence presented before the trial court did not establish the
accused's involvement in the offense. It is argued that the blood
sample and the swab recovered from the crime scene were sent to the
forensic laboratory. These exhibits after examination revealed that the
blood group of the deceased was "A" type; the clothes worn by the
accused also contained A blood group stains in terms of the report.
The MLCs of the accused did not reveal any injury on their bodies. In
these circumstances, they owed an explanation as to how the
deceased's blood stains were discernible on their clothes. Their failure
to give any explanation clearly implicated them in the crime.
13. It was submitted that far too much was made out of the so-
called discrepancies in the testimony of PW-9. Learned counsel for the
State here argued that the 6 month gap which elapsed between the
time when examination-in-chief was conducted on the one hand and
when the cross-examination was conducted on the other, appears to
have been taken advantage of by the accused. However the line of
cross-examination that was carried out on behalf of the accused, did
not include any suggestions of the witness having deposed falsely
earlier. A clever method of resiling from the previous testimony was
sought to be adopted i.e. to wrongly identify both accused.
Highlighting that this was done at the very outset on the date of the
cross-examination, learned counsel submitted that this unambiguously
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 9
pointed at the intention of the accused to paint a false picture of what
transpired on the fateful day. Stressing that PW-9 did not deny his
injuries and sought to give a conflicting version even in his cross-
examination, counsel for the State submitted that the surrounding
circumstances clearly supported the inference drawn by the Trial
Court that the version given in the examination-in-chief was truthful
as well as credible. Learned counsel submitted that the Trial Court had
relied upon several binding decisions justifying the course adopted by
it in discarding the cross-examination version of facts deposed to by
PW-9 and accepting the facts deposed by him on 4.10.2007.
14. It was submitted that the attack on the testimonies of PW-1 or
other prosecution witnesses, by the accused, in an attempt to discredit
the prosecution version is of no consequence, because the principal
reasoning of the Trial Court, upon which the conviction was recorded,
was the testimony of PW-9, and the corroboration it received from the
surrounding circumstances, including the testimony of PW-8 who had
not turned hostile. Counsel for the state lastly submitted that there was
no suggestion at any point during the trial that the death was
consequent to a sudden quarrel; neither was any witness cross
examined by the accused along those lines, nor was any submission
made during the trial. Furthermore, the accused persons' plea was of
complete denial, in their Section 313 statement. The nature of injuries
- i.e. on the parietal region of the deceased, which were the cause of
death within an hour of receiving them, clearly ruled out any crime
other than murder. Likewise, the weapons used, i.e iron rods,
compelled the same conclusion.
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 10
Analysis & Findings.
15. The above discussion would reveal that there is no controversy
regarding the manner in which the events unfolded. The FIR in this
case records that the incident occurred on 10.09.2007, at 11.30 PM;
the first DD entry is timed at 11.52 PM. The MLC of the deceased
(Ex. PW-19-A) was recorded at 12.15 AM on 11.09.2007; PW-9's
MLC was recorded at 1.50 AM on 11.09.2007. After his statement
was recorded, the FIR (Ex. PW-3/A) was registered at 2.50 AM on
11.09.2007. Significantly, the magistrate saw the FIR at 3.05 AM- just
15 minutes later. These sequence of events rule out police complicity
and manipulation; they also rule out false implication by the police.
The question then is whether the allegations leveled against the
accused, and the materials produced by the prosecution during the
trial- including depositions of witnesses prove their guilt beyond
reasonable doubt.
16. The testimony of PW-9 in this case becomes crucial. The
record indicates that he was injured during the incident. His testimony
- in examination-in-chief is clear about the events as to how the
accused quarreled with him leading to him and the deceased leaving
the dhaba and getting into the truck; how thereafter the accused went
to the truck and when the witness went out, attacked him and later, the
deceased. Cross examination took place later; then, the witness
virtually resiled from his earlier statement, but in a rather curious
manner. His identification of the accused was inaccurate; Ajay was
identified as Triloki and vice versa. He also stated that a quarrel took
place and when he went to look, he received head injuries.
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 11
Significantly, he did not support this version too in his re-examination,
where he admitted his signatures on the statement recorded under
Section 161 Cr. PC and also that:
"While I was giving signal to driver Sonu for parking the
truck aside. In the meanwhile, both accused persons came
there and they started giving beatings to me. Both the
accused persons were having iron rods in their hands at
that time and they started giving iron rod's blows on my
person. I raised alarm and on hearing my cries, Sonu (since
deceased) came down from the truck and he tried to save me
from the clutches of the accused persons. Both the accused
persons also started giving beatings to Sonu with iron rods.
I sustained injuries on my head and blood started oozing out
of my head while Sonu also sustained injuries on his head
and it started bleeding from his head. Thereafter, both the
accused ran away from there in their truck. Public persons
had gathered there. Someone called the police and police
reached there and took me and Sonu to Babu Jagjivan Ram
Memorial hospital in separate vehicles. Police met me in the
hospital and recorded my statement which is Ex. PW-9/A
which bears my signatures at Point A. Thereafter, I
accompanied the police officials to the spot and shown the
spot to the police and site plan was prepared at my
instance..."
17. In Vadivelu Thevar & Ors vs. The State of Madras AIR 1957
SC 614, the Supreme Court classified appreciation of evidence of
witnesses into three categories, namely: (1) wholly reliable; (2) wholly
unreliable; and (3) Neither wholly reliable nor wholly unreliable and
thereafter stated that 'it becomes the duty of the court to convict, if it is
satisfied that the testimony of a single witness is entirely reliable'. This
view was based on the decision of the Privy Council, in Mohamed
Sugal Esa vs. The King, AIR 1946 PC 3:
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 12
"In England where provision has been made for the
reception of unsworn evidence from a child it has always
been provided that the evidence must be corroborated in
some material particular implicating the accused. But in the
Indian Act there is no such provision and the evidence is
made admissible whether corroborated or not. Once there is
admissible evidence a Court can act upon it; corroboration,
unless required by statute, goes only to the weight and value
of the evidence. It is a sound rule in practice not to act on
the uncorroborated evidence of a child, whether sworn or
unsworn, but this is a rule of prudence and not of law."
18. It is a hackneyed aphorism that in a criminal trial, what is
important is the quality of the evidence, and not the number of
witnesses who depose to a particular fact or event. In the present case,
the testimony of PW-9 - in his examination-in-chief is clear; however
what complicates the appreciation by the Court is the fact that he
turned hostile in cross examination and further that in re-examination
he returned to the original version. What should be the approach of the
court under these circumstances? Khujji @ Surendra Tewari v State of
MP AIR 1991 SC 1853 teaches that the entire testimony of a hostile
witness need not be rejected, if the court can sift out the unreliable
parts:
"the evidence of a witness, declared hostile, is not wholly
effaced from the record and that part of evidence which is
otherwise acceptable can be acted upon. It seems to be well
settled by the decisions of this Court Bhagwan Singh v.
State of Haryana, [1976] 2 SCR 921; Rabinder Kumar Dey
v. State of Orissa, [1976] 4 SCC 233 and Syed lqbal v. State
of Karnataka, [1980] 1 SCR 95 that the evidence of a
prosecution witness cannot be rejected in toto merely
because the prosecution chose to treat him as hostile and
cross-examined him. The evidence of such witnesses cannot
be treated as effaced or washed off the record altogether but
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 13
the same can be accepted to the extent their version is found
to be dependable on a careful scrutiny thereof."
This view was asserted in Radha Mohan Singh @ Lal Saheb and Ors.
vs. State of U.P (2006) 2 SCC 450; State of U.P. v. Ramesh Prasad
Misra & Anr., AIR 1996 SC 2766, Balu Sonba Shinde v. State of
Maharashtra, (2002) 7 SCC 543; Gagan Kanojia & Anr. v. State of
Punjab, (2006) 13 SCC 516; Sarvesh Naraian Shukla v. Daroga Singh
& Ors., AIR 2008 SC 320; and Subbu Singh v. State, (2009) 6 SCC
462. Thus, the law can be summarized to the effect that the evidence
of a hostile witness cannot be discarded as a whole, and relevant parts
thereof which are admissible in law, can be used by the prosecution or
the defense.
19. Undoubtedly, PW-9 is a hostile witness. However, what is
interesting is that unlike the usual practice, where the witness turns
hostile in the examination-in-chief when confronted with the previous
statement under Section 161, Cr. PC, here, the witness deposed in
favour of the prosecution entirely in the examination-in-chief. He did
a volte face in cross examination, which was conducted much later. It
would be idle to speculate the reason for this change; perhaps it is not
even relevant, considering that in re-examination he conformed to
whatever he had deposed during the examination-in-chief. The Court
is of the opinion that in essential particulars, i.e. the background
wherein Sonu's truck came to Delhi, was parked in Sanjay Transport
Nagar, his dining with PW-9 at dhaba, a verbal altercation with the
accused, the return of both back to the truck, the attempt to start the
truck, the re-appearance of the accused, attack on PW-9 and later on
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 14
the deceased, and his falling down, the appearance of the police and
PW-9 being taken to the hospital, there is consistency in the
examination-in-chief and re-examination. His testimony, to the
exclusion of what he stated in the cross examination can therefore be
relied on.
20. The Court has to next examine whether the portion of PW-9's
testimony is credible to base a conviction on. At this stage, the
evidence of PW-8 becomes crucial. His testimony is that he reached
the scene immediately after the attack, and heard the deceased name
the accused as his attackers. This witness had given the keys of his
vehicle to PW-9 (whom he knew for the past 2-4 years) to start his
(PW-9's) truck. The crucial part of his deposition, i.e that he heard
Sonu name the accused as his attackers, was not challenged in cross
examination. He also deposed that PW-9 told him about the incident
and named the accused as the attackers, who had inflicted injuries with
iron rods. The prosecution relies on Section 6 of the Evidence Act, to
say that PW-8's testimony is relevant and material. Section 6 reads as
follows:
"6. Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction.
Facts
which, though not in issue, are so connected with a
fact in issue as to form part of the same transaction, are
relevant, whether they occurred at the same time and place
or at different times and places.
Illustrations
(a) A is accused of the murder of B by beating him.
Whatever was said or done by A or B or the by-standers at
the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to form part of
the transaction, is a relevant fact."
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 15
Interpreting this provision, the Calcutta High Court Becharam
Mukherji v. Emperor, A.I.R. 1944 Cal 224, stated that its application
is purely a question of fact "depending on proximity of time and place,
continuity of action and unity of purpose and design." In Hirday
Singh v. Emperor, A.I.R. 1946 Pat 40, the Patna High Court stated that
"It is not the distance nor the proximity of time which is so essential in
order to consider what is 'the same transaction' as the continuity of'
action and purpose". In Bhairon Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh
(2009) 13 SCC 80 the principle underlying Section 6 and the
relevance of material or evidence intrinsically connected with, and
proximate to the crime was described as follows:
"The rule embodied in Section 6 is usually known as the rule
of res gestae. What it means is that a fact which, though not
in issue, is so connected with the fact in issue ―as to form
part of the same transaction‖ becomes relevant by itself. To
form a particular statement as part of the same transaction
utterances must be simultaneous with the incident or
substantially contemporaneous that is made either during or
immediately before or after its occurrence.."
Gentela Vijayavardhan Rao and Anr v State of Andhra Pradesh
(1996) 6 SCC 241 had previously stated the principle as follows:
"The rationale in making certain statement or fact
admissible under Section 6 of the Evidence Act is on
account of the spontaneity and immediacy of such statement
or fact in relation to the fact in issue. But it is necessary that
such fact or statement must be part of the same transaction.
In other words, such statement must have been made
contemporaneous with the acts which constitute the offence
or atleast immediately thereafter. But if there was an
interval, however slight it may be, which was sufficient
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 16
enough for fabrication then the statement is not part of res
gestae."
21. PW-8's testimony acquires significance because he knew PW-9
-who besides being the sole eyewitness was also injured during the
attack on the deceased (and PW-9 himself). His deposition, about
previous acquaintance with PW-9 and the circumstances by which he
became aware of the facts from the deceased remained unchallenged
in the cross examination. There is no discrepancy between his
testimony and that of PW-9 (to the extent the cross examination is
excluded) about the facts surrounding the immediate aftermath of the
attack. His deposition, in the opinion of this court, is crucial and
corroborative of the prosecution version about the culpability of the
accused in the crime.
22. During the arguments, counsel for the appellant/accused sought
to highlight that none of the truck owners, i.e. PW-1, PW-6 and PW-
10 were able to establish through documentary evidence the
movement of their vehicles and that the prosecution version was
therefore suspect. The Trial Court reasoned - and we think correctly-
that the evidence led, established that these witnesses were single
truck owners and small transporters, who might not maintain
meticulous records about booking of their vehicles for movement of
goods of various customers. Likewise, this Court notices that although
PW-10 was declared hostile, he did not say anything significant to
undermine the prosecution story. He admitted that the deceased was
his driver and that PW-9 was a cleaner in the truck, though not
employed by him.
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 17
23. The prosecution had also sought to rely upon the blood stains in
the clothes which the accused were wearing when they were arrested;
those were seized and produced in evidence. The prosecution sought
to link this recovery with the blood stained gauze seized from the spot,
which was from the injuries suffered by the deceased. This blood
stained gauze, i.e. Ex-9, according to PW-22 the serologist (in his
report Ex. PW-22/B and his deposition) upon testing, showed the
presence of blood of blood group A. Likewise, the two seized T-shirts
of the accused (Parcel 6 and Parcel 7, later Ex. 6 and Ex. 7) were
shown with blood (grouped A) splattered on them. These had been
seized as Ex. PW-5/N and PW-5/O; they were proved by PW-9. PW-9
had also deposed, importantly that after the police took him to the
crime scene and recorded his statement, he accompanied them back to
Sanjay Gandhi Transport Nagar, and was able to help them trace the
accused whom he identified. These materials, in the opinion of the
Court, give strong corroborative support to the prosecution's version
of events. By itself, the presence of blood group A cannot be
determinative of the guilt of the accused. However, the recovery of the
gauze stained with the deceased's blood, from the crime scene and its
link with the same blood group on the blood splattered shirt/T-shirts of
the accused, adds weight to the credibility which the Court can attach
to PW-9's deposition, as corroborated by PW-8.
24. Having regard to the totality of circumstances, which have been
analyzed as above, this Court is of opinion that the conclusion of the
Trial Court that the accused were responsible for the murderous attack
on the deceased was justified. Before concluding, however, it would
be necessary to deal with one submission made on behalf of the
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 18
accused; i.e. that the Court should have regard to the fact that there is
evidence suggestive of altercation which could have been the reason
for the attack and that in these circumstances, an alteration of
conviction from Section 302 to Section 304 IPC is called for. This
argument in the Court's opinion is to be rejected for two reasons. One,
the nature of the injuries, which resulted in Sonu's death, altogether
rules out this possibility. Whilst an altercation or minor quarrel might
have impelled the deceased to move away from the dhaba, the accused
were best placed to state what was the reason for the quarrel, and the
justification for the attack. Exception 4 to Section 300 (which clarifies
when homicide is not murder) can be invoked if death is caused (a)
without premeditation, (b) in a sudden fight: (c) without the offender's
having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner;
and (d) the fight must have been with the person killed. The 'fight'
occurring in Exception 4 to Section 300, IPC is undefined in the IPC.
Heat of passion implies that there should be no time for the passions to
cool down. In this case, there is no evidence as to what was the sudden
reason for the quarrel which reached a flashpoint to lead the accused
to attack the deceased and PW-9. A fight is "a combat between two
and more persons whether with or without weapons. It is not possible
to enunciate any general rule as to what shall be deemed to be a
sudden quarrel. It is a question of fact and whether a quarrel is
sudden or not must necessarily depend upon the proved facts of each
case. For the application of Exception 4 It is not sufficient to show
that there was a sudden quarrel and there was no premeditation. It
must further be shown that the offender has not taken undue
advantage or acted in cruel or unusual manner." (Ghapoo Yadav v
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 19
State of M.P. 2003 (3) SCC 528). It would be useful, in this context to
recollect what was stated by the Supreme Court in Pulicherla
Nagaraju @ Nagaraja Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2006) 11
SCC 444. The Court spelt out some relevant circumstances to
determine if there was any intention by the accused to cause death. It
was held that:
"...Therefore, the court should proceed to decide the pivotal
question of intention, with care and caution, as that will
decide whether the case falls under Section 302 or 304 Part
I or 304 Part II. Many petty or insignificant matters -
plucking of a fruit, straying of a cattle, quarrel of children,
utterance of a rude word or even an objectionable glance,
may lead to altercations and group clashes culminating in
deaths. Usual motives like revenge, greed, jealousy or
suspicion may be totally absent in such cases. There may be
no intention. There may be no pre-meditation. In fact, there
may not even be criminality. At the other end of the
spectrum, there may be cases of murder where the accused
attempts to avoid the penalty for murder by attempting to
put forth a case that there was no intention to cause death.
It is for the courts to ensure that the cases of murder
punishable under Section 302, are not converted into
offences punishable under Section 304 Part I/II, or cases of
culpable homicide not amounting to murder, are treated as
murder punishable under Section 302. The intention to
cause death can be gathered generally from a combination
of a few or several of the following, among other,
circumstances :
(i) nature of the weapon used; (ii) whether the weapon was
carried by the accused or was picked up from the spot; (iii)
whether the blow is aimed at a vital part of the body; (iv)
the amount of force employed in causing injury; (v) whether
the act was in the course of sudden quarrel or sudden fight
or free for all fight; (vi) whether the incident occurs by
chance or whether there was any pre- meditation; (vii)
whether there was any prior enmity or whether the deceased
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 20
was a stranger; (viii) whether there was any grave and
sudden provocation, and if so, the cause for such
provocation; (ix) whether it was in the heat of passion; (x)
whether the person inflicting the injury has taken undue
advantage or has acted in a cruel and unusual manner; (xi)
whether the accused dealt a single blow or several blows.
The above list of circumstances is, of course, not exhaustive
and there may be several other special circumstances with
reference to individual cases which may throw light on the
question of intention..."
(emphasis supplied)
25. In the present case, there is no evidence at all about any quarrel;
the slender thread to the argument about a quarrel motivating the
accused to attack the deceased and PW-9, is the evidence of the latter,
which is that a quarrel took place at the dhaba, where the accused
reached. However, the testimony of PW-9 is that after that incident- or
because of it- he and the deceased left and went back to the truck. The
accused pursued them, as evident from the fact that they reached later.
The attack took place then. Whilst there is no hard and fast rule as to
what is the proximity (of time) within which a "sudden" quarrel can be
said to erupt, within the meaning of the term under Exception 4 (to
Section 300), there should be some background about the quarrel
itself. The threats held out by one or some persons to another, or other
group of persons, or the attack by one, cannot be a "sudden" attack, in
the absence of any evidence as to what impelled that behavior. The
medical evidence reveals that death resulted due to ante-mortem three
cerebral injuries caused by a blunt object (Post-mortem report, Ex.
PW-12/A). In the cross examination, the suggestion of the accused
was that injuries could have been the result of impact of stone; this
was denied by PW-12 the doctor. The nature and placement of the
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 21
injuries shows that the facts surrounding the attack stand corroborated;
there is no material or evidence to suggest that there was a "sudden"
quarrel of the kind contemplated by Exception 4, Section 300 IPC.
26. The second reason why the appellants' argument is unmerited is
because when all incriminating circumstances were put to them by the
learned Additional Sessions Judge, under Section 313, CrPC, there
was complete denial. If indeed it was their case that the injury was on
account of a quarrel or altercation and they lost control, they ought to
have used the opportunity given them during the trial to explain the
conduct. The importance of this opportunity is that this is the only
occasion to the accused, to explain or clarify the facts relating to the
incriminating circumstances gathered during the trial. The Court
which conducts the trial is obliged to draw up all the incriminating
circumstances arising from the trial and ask the accused his comments
and explanation. In the present case, the complete denial (of
involvement in the attack upon the deceased and PW-9) rules out the
possibility of a fight between the deceased and the accused. There is
no objective material to support the theory of an attack. Furthermore,
if indeed there was a quarrel, the details of which were known to the
accused, evidence on those facts ought to have been led by them,
given the onus placed in that regard by virtue of Section 106 of the
Evidence Act. The absence of any evidence compels the Court
therefore, to reject the theory that a sudden quarrel erupted that
culminated in an attack on the deceased and PW-9.
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 22
27. For the foregoing reasons, this Court holds that the findings and
conviction recorded by the Trial Court do not call for interference.
The appeals are therefore, dismissed.
S. RAVINDRA BHAT
(JUDGE)
VIPIN SANGHI
(JUDGE)
NOVEMBER 3, 2014
CRL.A.1271/13 & CRL.A.1272/13 Page 23
