Delhi High Court
Harit Recyclers Association vs Union Of India And Others on 3 June, 2010
Author: Dipak Misra,Chief Justice
* HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
Judgment Reserved on: 26th May, 2010
% Judgment Pronounced on: 3rd June, 2010
+ WP(C) No.2714/2010
Harit Recyclers Association ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Tariq Adeeb with
Mr.Pankaj Sinha, Advocates.
versus
Union of India and others ..... Respondents
Through: Mr. A.S. Chandhiok, ASG with
Mr.Atul Nanda, Advocate for respondent
No.1. Mr.N. Waziri, Advocate for
respondent No.2.
Mr.Ashwani Kr. Dubey, Advocate for
respondent No.4.
CORAM:
HON'BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE MADAN B. LOKUR
1. Whether reporters of the local papers be allowed to see the judgment? Yes
2. To be referred to the Reporter or not? Yes
3. Whether the judgment should be reported in the Digest? Yes
DIPAK MISRA, CJ
In this public interest litigation preferred under Article 226 of the
Constitution of India, the petitioner, a non-governmental organization, has
prayed for many a relief but basically for issue of a writ of mandamus
commanding the respondents No.1 and 2, namely, Union of India and its
Ministry of Women and Child Development and Chief Secretary of
Government of NCT of Delhi to investigate into the health hazard that was
suffered by the children of the Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya in Block 20 of
WP(C) 2714/2010 Page 1 of 17
Trilokpuri in East Delhi, who were forced to eat contaminated food under
the Mid Day Meal Scheme on 25th of November, 2009 and prosecute the
persons who have failed in their duty and, further, to award compensation
to the children who were affected after consuming such food.
2. The facts which are essential to be adumbrated are that there is a set
of guidelines, namely, National Programme of Nutritional Support to
Primary Education, 2006 (Mid Day Meal Scheme) Guidelines (for short
„the Scheme‟) under which the mid day meal is served to the young
children as an encouragement to attend the school. For supply of mid day
meal at Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya, a non-governmental organization,
namely, Rao Raghuvir Seva Samiti was awarded the contract. It is pleaded
that apart from the award of contract for the aforesaid school, the said
organization was also awarded contract for number of schools in Delhi. On
25th of November, 2009, the children of the said school consumed the food
supplied by the contractee NGO. After they consumed the food, the
children developed serious health problems and no medical help was
rendered immediately. However, they were rushed to a public hospital and
eventually, a first information report was lodged at Mayur Vihar Police
Station against the 4th respondent, Rao Raghuvir Seva Samiti (for short
„the Samiti‟). The children who had suffered critical health problem
belonged to the poor strata of the society. Some of them were treated in
Lal Bahadur Shastri Hospital at Trilokpuri by the school authority and
some by their parents. An information submitted by Lal Bahadur Shastri
Hospital regarding the treatment and prescription of all 126 children has
been brought on record as Annexure P-2.
WP(C) 2714/2010 Page 2 of 17
3. It is contended that the children could not deny to eat the food and
they had no inkling that the food would be contaminated. It is averred that
no one had checked the food before it was served to the students. It is
alleged that the food was served in non-conducive and unhygienic
surrounding. Because of the aforesaid incident, the Mid Day Meal scheme
remained suspended for two months at Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya.
Reference has been made to the orders passed by the Apex Court in PUCL
v. Union of India WP (C) No.196/2001 about the various directions issued
by the Apex Court on implementation of various guarantees including the
supply of Mid Day Meal by the government. Reference has also been
made to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) to indicate
how the physical and mental health does matter and it is put forth that India
has accepted the said Covenant. Reliance has also been placed on Article
25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
4. It is contended that with a view to enhance enrolment, retention and
attendance and simultaneously for improvement of nutritional levels
amongst children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to
Primary Education (NPNSPE) was launched as a centrally sponsored
scheme on 15th August, 1995. The said Scheme solely covered many
categories of schools. It is also set forth that the Scheme was reviewed
from time to time to make the supply of food more nutritious so that the
children of the nation would grow properly and also become enthusiastic
to receive education.
WP(C) 2714/2010 Page 3 of 17
5. It is further contended that because of the supply of contaminated
food, the right to life of children to live with dignity has been seriously
jeopardized and as the same eventually affected the enrolment and
attendance of the children, the right to education as engrafted under Article
21A is dented and further, the stoppage of the Mid Day Meal for a period
of two months tantamounts to deprivation and denial of food which
fossilizes the right to food, a basic human right. That apart, it is contended
that the 4th respondent, who is responsible for supplying this food, cannot
be allowed to supply food in any school as that will give a premium to an
organization which had caused a health hazard.
6. A counter affidavit has been filed by the respondents No.2 and 3
contending, inter alia, that on 25th November, 2009, after consuming Mid
Day Meal, some of the students of the school were hospitalized in Lal
Bahadur Shastri Hospital Khichripur and Dr.Hedgewar Arogya Sansthan,
Karkardooma and all the requisite medication was immediately made
available to the children who had complained of uneasiness, vomiting and
illness. There was no complaint of lack of appropriate medical care by the
hospital authority from any parent and no parent had asked for any
monetary assistance for treatment of his/her ward who had taken ill on that
day. Inquiry was made by the Department of Education which revealed
that for distribution on that date, the food was tasted by the H.O.S. and
other members of the school level Mid Day Meal Committee and on being
found appropriate, it was distributed amongst the children of primary
classes between 10.00 a.m. to 10.30 a.m. However, due to the ongoing
Disaster Management Programme for higher classes in the school on that
WP(C) 2714/2010 Page 4 of 17
day, the food was distributed to the upper primary classes around 11.00
a.m. and this continued till 11.45 a.m. About 11.45 a.m., it was reported by
two of the teachers, namely, Mrs.Anita Ahuja and Mrs.Meena that the food
was smelling. Thereafter, the distribution of the food was immediately
stopped and all students were directed not to eat the food. In the meantime,
some students complained of stomachache and were immediately rushed to
the hospital. It is put forth that it is the duty of the MDM Committee
members along with the H.O.S. to taste the food before its distribution and
the said procedure was followed on that day. It is asseverated that in the
school, 19 class rooms were demolished by DSIIDC in July 2009 for
reconstruction and the students of these class rooms were adjusted in the
Labs, Library, Games room, Hobby room, Examination room, Music room,
Drawing room etc. However, still five classes could not be adjusted and
had to sit outside in the open area under the trees. On the day of the
incident, these classes (3 sections of class VI and 2 sections of class VII)
were sitting in the open area and food was served to them in the open. The
rest of the students were served the meal in their respective class rooms.
The surrounding environment was hygienic and tents were arranged to
protect the children from cold weather. Nevertheless the children were
taken ill. They were first rushed to the nearest medical institution for
medical care. After the incident, the Scheme for providing Mid Day Meal
was suspended by the department to comprehensively review the whole
situation and thereafter, a high level meeting was held and guidelines were
issued to all DDEs, HOSs, DEOs ad Eos for intensive monitoring of the
Mid Day Meal Scheme at the school level and arrangements for frequent
WP(C) 2714/2010 Page 5 of 17
inspection of kitchens of all Service Providers were made to ensure that no
such untoward incident may happen in future. Copy of the minutes of the
meeting held by the high level committee and the instructions have been
brought on record as Annexures A and B. It is put forth that in addition to
the already existing service providers, six new service providers were
selected after due procedure including inspection of their kitchens and after
ensuring their capability for the supply of hygienic / good quality food and
the same was done to reduce the number of children allotted to the then
existing service providers for smooth supply of mid day meals. The
Scheme of Mid Day Meal was temporarily put on hold to review the whole
situation so as to prevent the happening of any unfortunate event in future
and such an exercise was necessary in the interest of the safety of the
children. It is further put forth that the Scheme of the Mid Day Meal is
carefully monitored to ensure that no untoward incident takes place as
regards the quality of the food that is offered to school children and the
number of suppliers have also been enhanced so as to reduce the pressure
on some NGOs who were earlier catering to a large number of schools.
7. An additional affidavit has been filed by the petitioner stating, inter
alia, that though in the counter affidavit it has been stated that certain
measures have been taken, yet the respondents are still providing food of
substandard quality which has resulted in serious health hazards to the
students who are studying in various schools at Delhi and the said
information has been made available by some of the public spirited citizens
who are actively working for the cause of children. It is also contended
that after 15 days of filing of the present writ petition, another incident of
WP(C) 2714/2010 Page 6 of 17
irregularity in Mid Day Meal occurred on 6th May, 2010 where 29 students
fell ill after eating the contaminated mid day meal in Government Girls
Middle School in Hauz Qazi near Ajmeri Gate and were later on admitted
in LNJP Hospital, Delhi Gate.
8. We have heard Mr.Tariq Adeeb, learned counsel for the petitioner,
and Mr.A.S. Chandhiok, learned senior counsel for respondent No.1,
Mr.N.Waziri, learned counsel for respondent No.2 and Mr.Ashwani Kumar
Dubey, learned counsel for respondent No.3. The two seminal issues that
arise for consideration are that: (i) Whether the NGO, in whose favour the
contract was awarded in respect of the present school in question, should
be proceeded against, and (ii) Whether compensation should be granted to
the parents of the children who were hospitalized.
9. At the very outset, we may mention that we are not taking into
consideration the additional affidavit though we have referred to the same.
The incident relates to another government school with which the main
writ petition was not concerned.
10. Thus, the Court will dwell upon the controversy that has emerged.
At this juncture, we may refer with profit to the background and objectives
of the Mid Day Meal Scheme.
"Background
With a view to enhancing enrollment, retention and attendance and
simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the
National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-
NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August,
1995, initially in 2408 blocks in the country. By the year 1997-98 the
NP-NSPE was introduced in all blocks of the country. It was further
extended in 2002 to cover not only children in classes I-V of
government, government aided and local body schools, but also children
studying in EGS and AIE centres. Central Assistance under the scheme
consisted of free supply of food grains @ 100 gms per child per school
day, and subsidy for transportation of food grains up to a maximum of
Rs.50 per quintal.
In September, 2004 the scheme was revised to provide cooked mid day
meal with 300 calories and 8-12 grams of protein to all children
studying in classes I-V in Government and aided schools and EGS/AIE
centers. In addition to free supply of food grains, the revised scheme
provided Central Assistance for (a) Cooking cost @ Re1 per child per
school day, (b) Transport subsidy was raised from the earlier maximum
of Rs. 50 per quintal to Rs.100 per quintal for special category states,
and Rs. 75 per quintal for other states, (c) Management, monitoring and
evaluation costs @ 2% of the cost of food grains, transport subsidy and
cooking assistance, (d) Provision of mid day meal during summer
vacation in drought affected areas.
In July 2006 the scheme was further revised to provide assistance for
cooking cost at the rate of (a) Rs.1.80 per child / school day for States in
the North Eastern Region, provided the NER states contribute Rs.0.20
per child/school day, and (b) Rs.1.50 per child/school day for other
States and UTs, provided that these States and UTs contribute Rs. 0.50
per child/school day.
Objectives
The objectives of the mid day meal scheme are:
Improving the nutritional status of children in classes I-V in
Government, Local Body and Government aided schools, and
EGS and AIE centres.
Encouraging poor children, belonging to disadvantaged sections,
to attend school more regularly and help them concentrate on
classroom activities.
Providing nutritional support to children of primary stage in
drought affected areas during summer vacation."
11. The said Scheme has been extended to the upper primary stage. We
reproduce the said extension.
"The Finance Minister has announced in the Union Budget 2007-08 that
the Mid-Day Meal Scheme will be extended to cover children in Upper
Primary Classes in 3427 Educationally Backwards Blocks (EBBs) in
2007-08. A Budget provision of Rs.7324 crores has been made for this
purpose, representing 37% increase over the budget for 2006-07."
12. In People's Union for Civil Liberties (supra), on 23rd July, 2001, the
Apex Court has opined thus:
"In our opinion, what is of utmost importance is to see that
food is provided to the aged, infirm, disabled, destitute
women, destitute men who are in danger of starvation,
pregnant and lactating women and destitute children,
especially in cases where they or members of their family do
not have sufficient funds to provide food for them. In case
of famine, there may be shortage of food, but here the
situation is that amongst plenty there is scarcity. Plenty of
food is available, but distribution of the same amongst the
very poor and the destitute is scarce and non-existent leading
to malnourishment, starvation and other related problems."
13. Thereafter, their Lordships referred to the earlier order wherein it
had been observed about the effect of the very existence of large section of
poor people, who can ill-afford to provide their families with two square
meals a day, their right to life and right to food and how their misfortune
becomes further grave during famine or drought. In the said order, the
Apex Court had issued certain directions, which we reproduce herein
below:
"1. All such States and Union Territories who have not fully complied
with the order dated 28th November, 2001 shall comply with the said
directions fully in respect of the entire State / Union Territory,
preferably, on the re-opening of the primary schools after a long
vacation of 2004 and, in any case, not later than 1st September, 2004.
2. All Chief Secretaries / Administrators are directed to file compliance
report in regard to directions no. 1 on or before 15th September, 2004.
3. The conversion costs for a cooked meal, under no circumstances,
shall be recovered from the children or their parents.
4. In appointment of cooks and helpers, preference shall be given to
Dalits, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
5. The Central Government shall make provisions for construction of
kitchen sheds and shall also allocate funds to meet with the conversion
costs of food-grains into cooked midday meals. It shall also
periodically monitor the low take off of the food-grains.
6. In respect of the State of Uttaranchal, it has been represented that the
scheme is being implemented in all the schools. It would be open to the
Commissioners to inspect and bring it to the notice of the Court, if it is
otherwise.
7. In drought affected areas, midday meal shall be supplied even during
summer vacations.
8. An affidavit shall be filed by the Government of India, within three
months, stating as to when it is possible to extend the scheme upto 10 th
Standard in compliance with the announcement made by the Prime
Minister. The affidavit shall also state the time frame within which the
Government proposes to implement the recommendations of Abhijit
Sen Committee in respect whereof the modalities have been discussed
with the concerned Ministries and Planning Commission.
9. Attempts shall be made for better infrastructure, improved facilities
(safe drinking water etc.) closer monitoring (regular inspection etc.) and
other quality safeguards as also the improvement of the contents of the
meal so as to provide nutritious meal to the children of the primary
schools."
14. We have reproduced the said directions only to highlight how
seriously the Apex Court has viewed the implementation of the Mid Day
Meal Scheme. The signification of food has been recognized in the
Covenant, namely, International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights. Articles 11 and 13 of the said Covenant lay down as
follows:
"Article-11: The States Parties to the present Covenant
recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of
living for himself and his family, including adequate food,
clothing and housing, and to continuous improvement of
living conditions. The States Parties will take appropriate
steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to
this effect the essential importance of international co-
operation based on free consent."
"Article 13:
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the
right of everyone to education. They agree that education
shall be directed to the full development of the human
personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall
strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental
freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable
all persons to participate effectively in a free society,
promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among
all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and
further the activities of the United Nations for the
maintenance of peace."
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that,
with a view to achieving the full realization of this right:
(a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free
to all;
(b) Secondary education in its different forms, including
technical and vocational secondary education, shall be
made generally available and accessible to all by every
appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive
introduction of free education;
(c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all,
on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and
in particular by the progressive introduction of free
education;
(d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified
as far as possible for those persons who have not received
or completed the whole period of their primary education;
(e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall
be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall
be established, and the material conditions of teaching
staff shall be continuously improved.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
have respect for the liberty of parents and, when
applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children
schools, other than those established by the public
authorities, which conform to such minimum educational
standards as may be laid down or approved by the State
and to ensure the religious and moral education of their
children in conformity with their own convictions.
4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere
with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and
direct educational institutions, subject always to the
observance of the principles set forth in paragraph 1 of
this article and to the requirement that the education
given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum
standards as may be laid down by the State."
15. The convention on the rights of the child lays immense emphasis
how the States have ensured to the maximum extent possible, the survival
and development of the child, their education, the creation of an acceptable
atmosphere for the smooth rendering of appropriate assistance to the child
and the rights of a child to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health
and to avail the facilities for the treatment of the illness. There is also
emphasis to recognize the right of every child to a standard of living
adequate for the child‟s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social
development and how it is obligatory on the part of the State to take such
steps. Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which has been treated as
summum-bonum of our organic document, has been infused with life spark
by the Apex Court to extend it to many a sphere regard being had to the
dignity of human existence and the affirmative right to life. In Chameli
Singh and others v. State of U.P. AIR 1996 SC 1051, while emphasizing
on the right to live in a civilized society, the Apex Court has held thus:
"In any organized society, right to live as a human being is
not ensured by meeting only the animal needs of man. It is
secured only when he is assured of all facilities to develop
himself and is freed from restrictions which inhibit his
growth. All human rights are designed to achieve this object.
Right to live guaranteed in any civilized society implies the
right to food, water, decent environment, education, medical
care and shelter. These are basic human rights known to any
civilized society. All civil, political, social and cultural rights
enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
Convention or under the Constitution of India cannot be
exercised without these basic human rights."
16. In Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity and others v. State of
West Bengal and another AIR 1996 SC 2426, it has been laid down that
the Constitution envisaged establishment of a welfare State at the federal
level as well as at the State level, and in a welfare State the primary duty of
the government is to secure the welfare of the people. Their Lordships
emphasized that Article 21 imposes an obligation on the State to safeguard
the right to life of every person and preservation of human rights is of
paramount importance. In Shantistar Builders v. Narayan Khiomalal
Totame AIR 1990 SC 630, it has been held thus:
"The right to life would take within its sweep the right to
food, the right to clothing, the right to decent environment
and a reasonable accommodation to live in. The difference
between the need of an animal and a human being for shelter
has to be kept in view. For the animal it is the bare
protection of the body, for a human being it has to be a
suitable accommodation which would allow him to grow in
every aspect - physical, mental and intellectual. The
Constitution aims at ensuring fuller development of every
child. That would be possible only if the child is in a proper
home. It is not necessary that every citizen must be ensured
of living in a well-built comfortable house but a reasonable
home particularly for people in India can even be mud-built
thatched house or a mud-built fire-proof accommodation."
17. In P.G. Gupta v. State of Gujarat and others 1995 Supp. (2) SCC
182, it has been held that food, shelter and clothing are minimal human
rights. In People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Ors.
2004 (5) SCALE 128, while dealing with right to food, it has been
observed as follows:
"...From the facts and figures that have been furnished to
us, it seems evident that there is a large number of mal-
nourished children between the age group of 0 to 6 years.
These figures are based on the survey conducted under the
National Family Benefit Health Scheme. The position is
quite alarming. These young children are the future of the
nation...."
18. The need of food is the basic human need. A civilized society does
not countenance starvation. In a cultured society cry for food is not
thought of. Throughout the globe nutrition, health and education have been
recognized as the basic needs of a member of the society as man cannot be
allowed to have animal existence. When the food is not available to meet
the cry of hunger, the authors have gone to the extent of saying that it
tantamounts to nullification of life. The biological growth is dependent on
the food. Not for nothing it had been said in the days of yore that a hungry
man can commit any sin and a man in demand of food cannot conceive any
kind of poetry or look at the moonlit sky.
19. We have referred to the aforesaid pronouncements to highlight the
need of the food and how it garners significance in a welfare State. It is not
only a biological imperative but it is the corner stone of life which intends
to realize itself with dignity. It would not be out of place if it is said that
the test of true democracy is in the fulfillment of the biological and mental
needs of a citizen in a State which respects liberty. In a true democracy no
one would like to live without dignity. No one would like to barter his
dignity for all the tea in China.
20. Coming to the case at hand, it is perceptible that the children
suffered because of the consumption of contaminated food. They were
treated as they suffered. The petitioner has brought on record how
medicines were administered to 126 children in the casualty and how some
students were given extra treatment. We think it seemly to reproduce the
information given by the hospital authorities:-
"01. The list of Medicine administered to the 126 children in the
casualty are
(i) Srp. Digene gel
(ii) Tab. Metoclopramide
(iii) Tab. Dicyclomine
(iv) I/V Fluid Ringer Lactate
One child Gaytri, Age 11 yrs. admitted in pediatric
Department. She was given following treatment :
a. I.V. fluids
b. Inj. Monocef
c. Inj. Ampilicillin
d. Inj. Renitidine
e. Syp. Digene & B. Complex
Her period of admission was uneventful and she was discharged on
3rd day of admission in good & satisfactory condition.
02. Four children were admitted in medicine ward
(i) Pooja 14 yrs. /F, was admitted in the intensive care unit.
She was given Inj. Metrogyl, inj. Amikacin, inj. Emeset,
inj. Pantocid, inj. Meropenam and discharged on
27.11.2009 in stable condition.
(ii) Laxmi
(iii) Tarannum
(v) Poonam Dutt
They were treated with antibiotics, painkillers, antacids and
I.V. fluids and were discharged in stable condition on
26.11.2009."
21. From the aforesaid report, even a lay man can understand that the
children suffered and were administered treatment. It is not a case where
they suffered only from empathetic phobia or fear psychosis. The
submission of learned counsel for the State is that the parents did not spend
any amount for treatment and whole expenses were borne by the State.
There cannot be any iota of doubt that the State bore the expenses for
treatment but, a pregnant one, the young children suffered physical pain
and indubitably, mental agony. The mental shock of a child, who goes to
the casualty ward, can be well imagined. The children, who were admitted
in intensive care unit, have suffered more than others. The parents may not
be granted any amount for expenses, but the children, who suffered, are
definitely entitled to compensation for their physical pain and suffering,
and mental agony and anguish. The psychology of the young children has
to be understood in proper perspective. Thus, we intend to
compartmentalize the sphere of compensation. The child Pooja would be
entitled to compensation of Rs.15,000/- (Rs. fifteen thousand only) as she
was admitted in the intensive care unit. The children, namely, Laxmi,
Tarannum and Poonam Dutt, who were treated with antibiotics, painkillers,
antacids and I.V fluids would be entitled to compensation of Rs.10,000/-
(Rs. ten thousand only) each. Gaytri, aged about 11, who was admitted in
Pediatric Department, would be entitled to compensation of Rs.5,000/- (Rs.
five thousand only). The other children, who were taken to casualty and
given treatment, would be entitled to compensation of Rs.3,000/- (Rs. three
thousand only) each. As the Scheme has been introduced by the
government it is the obligation of the State to see that it is properly worked
out and no one becomes a victim and suffers from any kind of health
hazard due to consumption of bad food. The Scheme has its public
character. Hence, there can be no trace or shadow of doubt that it is the
State government which has to pay the compensation as the lacunae come
within the State action and the grievance agitated falls within the public
law domain. The State shall deposit the amount in the concerned school
and the competent authority of the school administration, in presence of an
authority deputed by the State government, shall disburse the amount of
compensation to the students on proper identification. The amount so
awarded shall be kept in a cumulative fixed deposit till he/she becomes a
major.
22. As far as the second aspect that costs should be awarded and action
should be directed to be taken against the 4th respondent is concerned,
learned counsel appearing for the State has filed an affidavit stating, inter
alia, that vide order dated 25th November, 2009, the work order of the said
NGO has been suspended until further orders in public interest. In view of
the aforesaid, we only direct the authorities to proceed against the said
NGO in accordance with law.
23. The writ petition is allowed to the extent indicated above. There
shall be no order as to costs.
CHIEF JUSTICE
JUNE 03, 2010 MADAN B. LOKUR, J
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