Citation : 2017 Latest Caselaw 7638 Bom
Judgement Date : 28 September, 2017
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
BENCH AT AURANGABAD
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 63 OF 2008
The State of Maharashtra,
Through Police Station Officer,
Dhule Taluka Police Station Officer,
Tq. and Dist. Dhule APPELLANT
(Prosecution)
VERSUS
1. Shamkant @ Dhanraj Waman Patil,
Age : 35 years,
2. Waman Rajaram Patil,
Age : 65 years,
3. Sau. Kamalbai Waman Patil,
Age : 60 years,
4. Jeejabrao Waman Patil,
Age : 22 years,
All resident of Vinchur,
Tq. and Dist. Dhule RESPONDENTS
(Orig. Accused)
----
Mr.P.G. Borade, A.P.P. for the appellant/State/Prosecution
Mr. B.R. Warma, Advocate for the respondents
----
CORAM : SUNIL P. DESHMUKH AND
SANGITRAO S. PATIL, JJ.
RESERVED ON : 21th SEPTEMBER, 2017
PRONOUNCED ON : 28th SEPTEMBER, 2017
::: Uploaded on - 28/09/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 29/09/2017 01:52:18 :::
2 criapl63-2008
JUDGMENT (PER : SANGITRAO S. PATIL, J.):
The State/Prosecution has challenged the
judgment and order dated 31.10.2006 passed in Sessions
Case No.58 of 2005 by the learned 2nd Adhoc Sessions
Judge, Dhule, whereby the respondents came to be
acquitted of the offences punishable under Sections 498-
A, 302, 342 and 406 read with section 34 of the Indian
Penal Code, ("IPC" for short).
2. The deceased Sunita was the wife of respondent
No.1. Their marriage was performed prior to about 5
years of the incident. Respondent No.2 is the father,
respondent No.3 is the mother, while respondent No.4 is
the brother of respondent No.1.
3. The case of the prosecution, in short, is that
the deceased Sunita was being ill-treated by the
respondents because she did not conceive child.
Ultimately, on 10.04.2005 at about 10.00 a.m., when the
deceased Sunita was in the house, the respondents closed
the door thereof from inside. Respondent Nos. 1 and 4
tied the deceased Sunita with a rope, respondent No.4
poured kerosene on her person and respondent Nos.2 set
3 criapl63-2008
her on fire by lighting a match stick. The deceased
Sunita raised shouts. The neighbours gathered near the
house of the respondents. One Vishwas Namdeo Patil -
Police Patil of village Vinchur, took the deceased
Sunita to Civil Hospital at Dhule and admitted her there
for treatment.
4. The statement of the deceased Sunita was
recorded by ASI Wagh in the hospital, which was treated
as the First Information Report ("FIR" for short). On
the basis of that FIR Crime No. 131 of 2005 came to be
registered against the respondents for the offences
punishable under Sections 307, 498-A, 342 and 504 of the
IPC against the respondents. On the same day, her
statement was recorded by the Special Executive
Magistrate - Sardar Ajam Mansuri. Investigation
followed, the spot panchanama was prepared. A plastic
can of kerosene, one match box with brunt sticks, pieces
of blanket and burnt pieces of petticoat of the deceased
Sunita came to be seized from the house of the
respondents. The seized articles were sent to the
Chemical Analyst for analysis and report. Sunita died in
the hospital on 15.04.2005. Therefore, the offence under
4 criapl63-2008
Section 302 of the IPC came to be substituted for the
under Section 307 of the IPC. Postmortem of the body of
the deceased Sunita was conducted. The Medical Officers
noticed that she had sustained 90% of burns. They opined
that she died of "septicemia due to thermal burns".
Statements of witnesses were recorded. After completion
of the investigation, the respondents came to be
prosecuted for the above mentioned offences.
5. The learned Trial Judge framed charge against
the respondents for the said offences vide Exh.8 and
explained the contents to them in vernacular. The
respondents pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried.
Their defence is that of total denial and false
implication. Respondent No.1 filed written statement
when he was examined under Section 313 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, wherein he stated that on 10.05.2004
at about 8.00 a.m. Respondent Nos. 2, 4 and himself had
gone to their agricultural land for doing agricultural
work. They received a message at about 11.00 a.m. that
Sunita got burnt. They immediately went back to their
house. They came to know that Police Patil namely
Vishwas Namdeo Patil had taken the deceased Sunita to
5 criapl63-2008
the Civil Hospital at Dhule. Then they went there to see
her. They tried to ask her as to how she got burnt, but
she was not in a position to speak. He then stated that
at the time of the incident, respondent No.3 and the
deceased Sunita only were in the house. He denied that
he ever illtreated the deceased Sunita on any count.
6. The prosecution examined eight witnesses to
prove the guilt of the respondents. The learned Trial
Judge scrutinized the said evidence and came to hold
that the prosecution failed to establish guilt of the
respondents for the above-mentioned offences. The
learned Trial Judge, therefore, acquitted the
respondents.
7. The learned A.P.P. submits that there is
sufficient evidence on record to show that the deceased
Sunita was being subjected to cruelty by the respondents
on the ground that she could not conceive any child. She
was severely beaten by respondent No.1 in the year 2003.
Therefore, a criminal case was instituted against him.
Respondent No.1 entered into an amicable settlement and
assured in writing to treat the deceased Sunita properly
and therefore, she resumed cohabitation with him, in the
6 criapl63-2008
month of August, 2004. However, she was again subjected
to cruelty. He submits that the father of the deceased
Sunita, viz:- Subhash (PW2), has produced the written
undertaking given by respondent No.1 on a stamped paper
(Exh.37). The evidence of Subhash (PW2) coupled with the
said written undertaking shows as to how the deceased
Sunita was being ill-treated at her matrimonial house.
He then submits that there are two written dying
declarations (Exhs.44 and 48) recorded by ASI Wagh (PW4)
and the Special Executive Magistrate- Sardar Ajam
Mansuri (PW5) respectively, which are quite consistent
in respect of the role played by the respondents, at the
time of incident. These dying declarations have been
recorded by these witnesses after getting it verified
from the Medical Officer that the deceased Sunita was
conscious and in a fit state of mind to give statement.
These dying declarations were made voluntarily. They are
truthful. They create a great confidence. The medical
evidence also supports the case of the prosecution. The
chemical analysis report shows traces of kerosene on the
burnt piece of rope as well as the pieces of Saari and
Petticoat of the deceased Sunita. According to him, the
dying declarations of the deceased coupled with the
7 criapl63-2008
medical evidence clearly show that her death was
homicidal and the respondents only were responsible
therefor. He, further submits that the oral dying
declarations of the deceased Sunita given before Subhash
(PW2) and Bhatu (PW6) also show involvement of the
respondents in the incident of burning the deceased
Sunita. According to him, the learned Trial Judge did
not appreciate the evidence properly and correctly. The
learned Trial Judge wrongly acquitted the respondents.
8. on the other hand, the learned counsel for the
respondents submits that the Police Patil Vishwas Namdeo
Patil was the first person who visit the house of the
respondents after the incident. He tried to extinguish
fire that was on the person of the deceased Sunita and
took her to the Civil Hospital at Dhule. He was the best
witness to state as to who were inside the house at the
time of the incident and what was stated by the deceased
Sunita immediately after the incident. However, this
witness is not examined by the prosecution. He then
submits that when the deceased Sunita was admitted in
the Civil Hospital, Dhule, Dr. Shinde (PW7) recorded in
the case papers the history of the incident that was
8 criapl63-2008
narrated by her. According to him, it was the first
dying declaration of the deceased Sunita. In that dying
declaration she did not whisper about the presence of
respondent Nos. 1, 2 and 4 at the time of the incident.
According to him, after the father and uncle, i.e.
Subhash (PW2) and Bhatu (PW6) respectively, met the
deceased Sunita in the Civil Hospital, they tutored her
and made her to involve all the respondents in the
incident. According to him, the inconsistent dying
declarations of the deceased Sunita, therefore, cannot
be believed. He submits that there is no sufficient and
cogent evidence on record to connect the respondents
with incident in question. According to him, the view
taken by the learned Trial Judge is quite a possible
view, it cannot be interfered with lightly in the appeal
against the judgment of acquittal. He prays that the
appeal may be dismissed.
9. The prosecution is mainly depending on the
dying declarations of the deceased Sunita. The learned
counsel for the respondents cited an unreported judgment
in the case of State of Maharashtra Vs. Raghunath
Ramchandra Sable, Criminal Appeal No.154 of 1996,
9 criapl63-2008
decided by this Court on 29.06.2015, wherein there is a
reference of para 24 of the judgment in the case of
Tukaram Padhen and Ors. Vs. State of Maharashtra,
All.M.R. (Cri) 2754, which reads as under:-
"24. When the Court is called upon to appreciate the evidence of written dying declaration, the Court has to be extremely cautious and examine with meticulous care the evidence regarding recording of the dying declaration. Merely because witnesses came forward and depose about the recording of the dying declaration, it should not impel the Court to immediately accept the dying declaration. It has to be remembered that the declarant is not available for cross examination and, therefore, the prosecution must prove, apart from the truthfulness of the contents, the factum of the recording of the dying declaration as well as the fact that the declarant was in a fit mental condition to give the statement. Once suspicious circumstances are found in the evidence, the Court should be extremely slow in placing implicit reliance on the dying declaration. It is to be remembered that the conviction can be recorded on the dying declaration alone if the court finds that the dying declaration to be wholly
10 criapl63-2008
reliable. It is, therefore, necessary for the Court to scrutinize the evidence and place reliance on the dying declaration only if the evidence in respect of the recording of the dying declaration is of "sterling" quality. If there are suspicious circumstances the Court should reject the dying declaration and look for other evidences if it is available. Mechanical acceptance of the dying declaration dehors a meticulous scrutiny of the evidence relating to the recording of the dying declaration must be deprecated. In the present case as we have pointed out in the light of circumstances stated by us, we do not find the dying declarations to be pieces of evidence which would inspire the confidence of the Court for implicit acceptance. The aforesaid dying declarations, therefore, will have to be left out of consideration."
10. Keeping in mind the above mentioned
observations, we proceed to scrutinize the dying
declarations of the deceased Sunita.
11. The first dying declaration (Exh.44) has been
recorded by ASI Wagh (PW4) (Exh.43). He deposes that he
recorded the dying declaration (Exh.44) of the deceased
11 criapl63-2008
Sunita as per her version, after getting it verified
from the Dr.Shinde (PW7) (Exh.54) that she was conscious
and able to give statement. He states that he obtained
left thumb mark of the deceased Sunita on that dying
declaration after reading over the contents thereof to
her and after she accepted the said contents to be true.
After recording that dying declaration also he obtained
opinion of Dr. Shinde (PW7) that she was conscious and
able to give statement. Dr. Shinde (PW7) (Exh.47)
supports the evidence of ASI Wagh (PW4). From the
endorsements made by Dr. Shinde (PW7), it will be clear
that it was recorded between 1.45 p.m. and 2.10 p.m. on
10.04.2005. The said dying declaration was treated as
the FIR. In that dying declaration she states that she
was being ill-treated by the respondents on the ground
that she could not conceive any child. She was bearing
that illtreatment with the hope that she would conceive
a child. She then states that on 10.04.2005 at about
10.00 a.m. when she was in the house, the respondents
closed the door of the house from inside. Respondent
Nos.1 and 4 tied her by means of a rope, respondent No.3
poured kerosene on her person and respondent No.2 set
her ablaze by igniting a match stick. She raised shouts.
12 criapl63-2008
The neighbours gathered there. One Vishwas Namdeo Desale
took her to the Civil Hospital at Dhule and admitted her
there.
12. The second dying declaration (Exh.48) has been
recorded by the Special Executive Magistrate - Sardar
Ajam Mansuri (PW5), between 2.20 p.m. and 2.40 p.m. on
10.04.2005. He states that he got it confirmed from Dr.
Shinde (PW7) that the deceased Sunita was conscious and
able to give statement prior to and after recording her
statement (Exh.48). Dr. Shinde (PW7) also supports this
fact. Then he recorded the dying declaration (Exh.48) as
per the say of the deceased Sunita, read over the
contents of thereof to her, she admitted them to be
correct and then he obtained her left thumb mark
thereon. The said dying declaration is consistent with
the dying declaration (Exh.44) in all material
particulars.
13. Subhash (PW2) and Bhatu (PW6) state that after
reciving the message about admission of the deceased
Sunita in the Civil Hospital at Dhule, they rushed to
see her in the said hospital. On being asked by them,
the deceased Sunita narrated before them that respondent
13 criapl63-2008
Nos.1 and 4 tied her hands with a rope, respondent No.3
poured kerosene on her person and respondent No.2 set
her on fire by igniting a match stick inside their
house. Thus, these are oral dying declarations of the
deceased Sunita, which are consisent with her dying
declarations at Exhs. 44 and 48.
14. The learned counsel for the respondents pointed
out to the evidence of Dr. Shinde (PW7), who being the
Casualty Medical Officer in the Civil Hospital at Dhule
on 10.04.2005, admitted the deceased Sunita in that
hospital on being brought by Vishwas Patil. He states
that he recorded history of the injuries as narrated by
the deceased Sunita and obtained her thumb mark thereon.
He produced the case papers (Exh.56), wherein this
statement made by the deceased Sunita has been recorded.
The said statement shows that her mother-in-law poured
kerosene on her body and set her on fire on 10.04.2005
at 10.30 a.m. It has been reiterated by him in his
cross-examination that the deceased Sunita had stated
that she got burnt because her mother-in-law (i.e.
respondent No.3) poured kerosene on her person and set
her on fire by means of match stick on 10.04.2005 at
14 criapl63-2008
about 10.30 a.m. The learned counsel for the respondents
submits that this is the dying declaration of the
deceased Sunita recorded first in point of time. The
dying declarations (Exhs.44 and 48) as well as the oral
dying declarations disclosed through the evidence of
Subhash (PW2) and Bhatu (PW6) are not consistent with
this dying declaration which was recorded by Dr. Shinde
(PW7). Therefore, according to the learned Counsel for
the respondents, the learned Trial Judge has rightly
discarded the dying declarations of the deceased Sunita.
15. It may be noted that the dying declaration of
the deceased Sunita recorded by Dr.Shinde (PW7) has
surfaced in his cross-examination. It has come in his
cross-examination that at the time of giving history,
(as recorded in the case papers Exh.56), the deceased
Sunita was conscious. There is nothing on record to show
that the said dying declaration was given by the
deceased Sunita at the instance of anybody else. As
such, it was made voluntarily without being influenced
by any other persons, and when she was conscious. The
said dying declaration has remained unchallenged. From
the written statement Exh.64 of respondent no.1, it is
15 criapl63-2008
clear that at the time of the incident respondent No.3
and the deceased Sunita only were inside the house where
the incident took place. This statement fully
corroborates the dying declaration of the deceased
recorded by Dr. Shinde (PW7). Respondent No.3 alone
being present at the time of incident, she alone was in
a position to explain the circumstances in which the
deceased Sunita, got burnt, which were within her
special knowledge. In view of Section 106 of the Indian
Evidence Act, she was under an obligation to explain
those circumstances which were within her special
knowledge. Respondent No. 3 totally failed to explain as
to how the deceased Sunita sustained burns. If that be
so, her dying declaration recorded by Dr. Shinde (PW7)
will have to be accepted as truthful. The said dying
declaration creates a great confidence. We do not find
any reason to discard it.
16. From the evidence of Subhash (PW2) it seems
that he received a message about admission of the
deceased Sunita in the Hospital at 12.30 p.m. After
receiving the message he went to the Civil Hospital at
Dhule along with his relatives. Bhatu (PW6) is the
16 criapl63-2008
cousin of Subhash (PW2). He states that after receiving
that message he reached the Civil Hospital at Dhule at
1.00 p.m. on 10.04.2005. In all probabilities, Subhash
(PW2) also must have reached there at the same time. The
dying declaration (Exh.44) was recorded between 1.45
p.m. and 2.10 p.m. Prior to that both of these witnesses
met the deceased Sunita. There is every possibility of
their tutoring her to involve respondent Nos. 1, 2 and 4
also in the incident in question and accordingly, it
seems that she gave dying declarations Exh.44 and
Exh.48, which are not consistent with her dying
declaration that was recorded by Dr. Shinde (PW7). There
is no evidence on record to establish presence of
respondent Nos. 1, 2 and 4 at the time of the incident.
In the circumstances, we are not inclined to rely on the
dying declarations Exh.44 and Exh.48 as also her oral
dying declarations coming through the evidence of
Subhash (PW2) and Bhatu (PW6).
17. Dr. Pathak (PW1) (Exh.29) and one Dr. H.C.
Patil conducted postmortem of the body of the deceased
Sunita on 15.04.2005 between 9.15 a.m and 10.15 a.m.
They found septicemia due to deeper thermal burns on her
17 criapl63-2008
body. They found that she had sustained burns to the
extent of 90% on various parts of her body. The said
burns were anti-mortem. They opined the said burns were
sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause
death. According to them, the death of Sunita was caused
due to "septicemia due to thermal burns". Dr. Pathak
(PW1) states in his cross-examination that septicemia
may be caused by accidental, homicidal or suicidal
burns. However, this version would be of no help to the
respondents, since they have not come with the case that
Sunita sustained accidentally or that she committed
suicide. The dying declaration of the deceased Sunita
recorded by Dr. Shinde (PW7) coupled with the evidence
of Dr. Pathak (PW1) clearly shows that the death of the
Sunita was homicidal.
18. The incident took place inside the matrimonial
house of the deceased Sunita. Consequently, there was no
question of there being any eye witness. In all
probabilities, the Police Patil of the village namely
Vishwas Patil also must have gone to the spot of the
incident much after the deceased Sunita got burnt. He
simply took the deceased Sunita to the Civil Hospital at
18 criapl63-2008
Dhule and admitted her there. In our view, non
examination of the said person as a witness would not
have any adverse effect on the case of the prosecution.
19. The prosecution established beyond reasonable
doubt that respondent No. 3 poured kerosene on the
person of the deceased Sunita and set her ablaze. The
deceased Sunita sustained 90% of burns on various parts
of her body causing her septicemia, to which she
succumbed on 15.04.2005. The act of respondent No. 3 of
pouring kerosene on the person of the deceased Sunita
and setting her on fire clearly establishes her
intention to cause death of Sunita. The prosecution has
proved beyond reasonable doubt that respondent No.3
committed murder of the deceased Sunita, made punishable
under Section 302 of the IPC.
20. As far as the offences under Section 498-A,
342, 506 of the IPC are concerned, there is nothing
against the respondents in the dying declaration of the
deceased Sunita, recorded by Dr. Shinde (PW7). The
evidence of Subhash (PW2) and Bhatu (PW6) in respect of
the alleged illtreatment meted out to the deceased
Sunita by the respondents is hearsay and is not
19 criapl63-2008
admissible to establish the offence under Section 498-A
of the IPC. Under such circumstances, we hold that the
prosecution failed to prove guilt of the respondents for
the offences under sections 498-A, 342 and 406 of the
IPC.
21. As far as respondent Nos.1, 2 and 4 are
concerned, there is no positive and dependable evidence
on record to connect them with the homicidal death of
the deceased Sunita. They have been rightly acquitted by
the learned Trial Judge. Their acquittal needs no
interference.
22. The learned counsel for the respondents relied
on the observations in para 12 of the judgment in the
case of Muralidhar alias Gidda and another Vs. State of
Karanataka, 2014 [4] Mh.L.J.(Cri.)353, in support of his
contention that the acquittal of the accused cannot be
lightly converted into conviction. The material portion
of the observations from the para 12 of the said
judgment is as under:
"It is not necessary to deal with these cases individually. Suffice it to say that this Court has consistently held that in dealing with appeals against acquittal, the
20 criapl63-2008
appellate Court must bear in mind the following: (i) There is presumption of innocence in favour of an accused person and such presumption is strengthened by the order of acquittal passed in his favour by the trial court (ii) The accused person is entitled to the benefit of reasonable doubt when it deals with the merit of the appeal against acquittal, (iii) Though, the powers of the appellate Court in considering the appeals against acquittal are as extensive as its powers in appeals against convictions but the appellate Court is generally loath in disturbing the finding of fact recorded by the trial court. It is so because the trial Court had an advantage of seeing the demeanor of the witnesses. If the trial court takes a reasonable view of the facts of the case, interference by the appellate Court with the judgment of acquittal is not justified. Unless, the conclusions reached by the trial court are palpably wrong or based on erroneous view of the law or if such conclusions are allowed to stand, they are likely to result in grave injustice, the reluctance on the part of the appellate Court in interfering with such conclusions is fully justified, and (iv) Merely because the appellate Court on re-appreciation and reevaluation of the evidence is inclined to
21 criapl63-2008
take a different view, interference with the judgment of acquittal is not justified if the view taken by the trial Court is a possible view. The evenly balanced views of the evidence must not result in the interference by the appellate Court in the judgment of the trial Court."
23. As stated above, there is no dispute that
respondent No.3 was the only person, besides the
deceased Sunita, present in the house at the time of
the incident. The dying declaration of the deceased
Sunita recorded by Dr. Shinde (PW7) has not at all been
challenged by respondent No.3. On the contrary, it is
got confirmed in the cross-examination of Dr.Shinde
(PW7). The said dying declaration is voluntary and
truthful. It creates a great confidence. Respondent No.3
has not shown any other reason for sustaining burns by
the deceased Sunita. With this strong evidence on
record, the learned Trial Judge committed grave error in
acquitting even respondent No.3 of the offence
punishable under Section 302 of the IPC. The conclusion
drawn by the learned Trial Judge that respondent no.3
cannot be held guilty for committing murder of Sunita is
palpably wrong and against the evidence on record. The
22 criapl63-2008
judgment of acquittal is illegal and perverse so far as
respondent No.3 is concerned. In the circumstances,
respondent No.3 would not be entitled to get any benefit
of the observations referred to above made in the case
of Murlidhar @ Gidda (supra). The wrongful acquittal of
respondent No.3 will have to be set aside in exercise of
the appellate powers of this Court.
24. The judgment in the case of Tukaram Padhen and
Ors. (supra), does not highlight any legal proposition
which would be helpful to respondent No.3 to establish
her innocence. The said judgment is based on the facts,
which are quite distinguishable from the facts of the
present case. Thus, it would not be of any assistance to
respondent No.3.
25. The prosecution established beyond reasonable
doubt that respondent No.3 committed murder of the
deceased Sunita made punishable under Section 302 of the
IPC. She is liable to be punished for the said offence.
The learned Counsel for respondent no.3 submits that
looking to the age of respondent No.3, which is more
than 67 years, leniency may be shown to her in
inflicting punishment. In our view, looking at the facts
23 criapl63-2008
of the case, it cannot be said that this is a rarest of
rare case in which the ultimate punishment of death is
called for. Respondent No.3 is, therefore, liable to be
punished with imprisonment for life. Besides that she is
liable to be punished with fine also. In our view, she
should pay a fine of Rs.25,000/-. If the fine amount is
recovered, it should be paid to the father of the
deceased Sunita namely Subhash Dalpat Patil as
compensation. The impugned judgment and order will have
to be quashed and set aside partly and appeal will have
to be allowed partly. We, therefore, pass the following
order:-
O R D E R
(i) The Criminal Appeal is partly allowed.
(ii) The impugned judgment and order acquitting
respondent No.3 - Kamalbai, are quashed and
set aside.
(iii) Respondent No.3 namely - Sau. Kamalbai Waman
Patil is convicted for the offence punishable
under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code and
sentenced to suffer imprisonment for life and
24 criapl63-2008
to pay a fine of Rs.25,000/- (Twenty Five
Thousand), in default, to suffer rigorous
imprisonment for one year.
(iv) Set-off be given to respondent No.3 in respect
of the period during which she was in jail in
connection with this case.
(v) If the fine amount is recovered, it be paid to
Subhash Dalpat Patil, resident of Kalmadu,
Taluka Chalisgaon, District Jalgaon as
compensation.
(vi) The appeal against respondent Nos.1, 2 and 4
is dismissed. Their acquittal is confirmed.
(vii) The bail bonds of respondent Nos.1, 2 and 4
are cancelled. They are set at liberty.
(viii) Respondent No.3 shall surrender to her bail
bonds by appearing before the Trial Judge
within one week from today, for suffering the
sentence of imprisonment.
(ix) In case respondent No.3 fails to appear before
the Trial Court within one week from today,
25 criapl63-2008
the Trial Court shall issue coercive process
to secure her presence.
(x) The appeal is disposed off accordingly.
[SANGITRAO S. PATIL] [SUNIL P. DESHMUKH]
JUDGE JUDGE
sam/criapl63-2008
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