Electric Vehicles: Mirage or Reality By: Kartik Singh

The Author, Kartik Singh, is a 2nd year student of National Law University Odisha.

The concept of Electric Vehicles has gained pace over the last few years owing to rising pollution levels, global warming and several other factors. Thus, it seems electric vehicles are going to be the way forward in terms of mobility all over the world. However, as fancy it may sound, the transition from fuel vehicles to electric vehicles brings about numerous challenges for the government as well as the automobile industry, which is going to be really tough task of overcoming them. This research, based on the Indian context, lays down such challenges and the solutions to such impediments overcoming which may bring about a smooth transition. It also lays down the current position of electric vehicles in India and why the Indian economy may take time to adjust to the introduction of electric vehicles in the country, especially at a time where the Indian automobile industry is experiencing an unprecedented slowdown.

With pollution levels rising all over the world and with increasing global warming, it seems a revolution is the need of the hour to eliminate or reduce these things which are detrimental to our planet. Such problems are omnipresent and are not limited to a particular country or area. However, achieving a universal consensus in terms of pointing a particular activity contributing immensely to such detrimental effects is going to be very tough. In spite of this, majority of the countries have targeted, which seems to the global consensus, the automobile industry.

The usage of electric vehicles in the last decade has tremendous pace and several countries have started to adopt such vehicles in order to reduce the rising pollution levels. This article focuses on such vehicles and the challenges attached to it. There’s no doubt that when a country experiences a transition, there are bound to be several sacrifices to be made for the greater good of the future. In terms of Indian context, the article focuses on the following points:

1. The need for electric vehicles.
2. The global stand of countries vis-à-vis electric vehicles and their approach towards its usage.
3. The challenges for the government and the automobile sector, in the Indian context.
4. The solutions to such challenges.
5. The policy decisions taken by the government to bolster the demand of electric vehicles in the country, and;
6. The automobile industry’s perspective towards the future of electric vehicles in India.

The need for electric vehicles has been felt in the last few years owing to several factors. It is no denying that global warming all over the world has been steadily increasing in the last two decades and poses as a major challenge for every country. One of the major contributors to global warming is pollution. India is considered as one of the most polluted countries in the world and it becomes imperative for India to resolve this issue as soon as possible because the consequences of higher levels of pollution are well known to everyone and have been experienced by the people of the country in recent times. Who can forget the condition of the helpless people of Delhi in 2017 wearing anti-pollution masks while commuting for their work, or the scenes where the cricket players of the Sri Lankan team were compelled to wear such masks while fielding during the test match between India and Sri Lanka held in New Delhi. India’s rank of 177 out of 180 countries is a testimony to the fact that India’s performance in handling pollution is not praiseworthy.[1] It enhances the point that the current environmental situation in India is not appreciable, meaning people are suffering and dying from extreme pollution levels. As countries develop, increased population growth in large cities, as well as increased industrial production and automotive transportation, continue to expose people to high levels of air pollution.[2]

 It is high time that not only India but every country realises the gravity of the situation and unites to fight this unfavourable situation together. As far as India is concerned, among the many other important issues, this might seem to be a less important issue but once the situation reaches its saturation point, the condition would be as good as insurmountable. Apart from the hazards it poses to the people, pollution also costs the Indian economy big-time in controlling it, though not without much success. According to a World Bank report, the environmental degradation in India costs India a whopping $80 billion.[3] In spite of performing exceedingly well on the economic front in past few years, India certainly cannot afford to carry the liability of these expenses especially at this stage where India has just started to realise its potential on several other important fronts like Defence, IT sector and Solar energy, etc. Therefore, it makes sense that India, in order to protect the nature and people’s lives from the wrath of increasing pollution and to reduce the amount spend on curbing it, undertakes reasonable measures and it looks like the government has started to focus on electrifying the automobile industry which can help, to some extent, combating the situation in hand.

Is environmental degradation the only factor influencing India’s efforts to increase the popularity of electric vehicles? No, it isn’t. The spends truckloads of its revenue generated from various sectors to import oil by virtue of the fact that India itself is not an oil-rich country. India’s demand for crude oil has been on a rise since last decade owing to its huge population and for a variety of other activities. In 2015, India became the third largest oil importer in the world surpassing Japan[4] and will soon topple the likes of USA and China. Further, India’s oil dependence has skyrocketed to 84% in 2017-18 as against the government’s target on 74%.[5] Given the stage at this India is developing it cannot afford spend such amount on oil imports and thus the government is trying to develop India into a self-reliant economy in terms of crude oil. As a result, it would save the outflow of money for oil imports and would also attract investments in the field of electric motor vehicles. To bolster this premise, the recent tensions between the US and Iran doesn’t seem to end soon which could possibly mean that crude oil could get expensive for India which is the second largest buyer of oil from Iran. India id apprehensive that the US’ sanctions on Iran could boost the oil prices and inflation.[6] Given the situation and the volatile relations subsisting between the Middle-East and the US, India aspires to become a self-reliant oil economy as soon as possible thereby focussing more on electric vehicles.

The enigma of climate change haunts every country and compels them to undertake measures for the greater good of the world. India is not the first country to have thought of a future consisting electric vehicles. Several other nations realised the magnitude of the problem and have brought about a change in their transportation which can serve as an example as well as an inspiration for other countries who wants to follow the path bringing a similar change. The best example is Norway which may not have a huge population but it has been investing a lot on Research & Development of electric vehicles in the country. The demand for electric vehicles is soaring high in the Nordic countries, especially in Norway as is the highest in the world. It has been reported that almost a third of new cars sold in Norway last year were electric[7] and according to several calculations it could well exceed 50% in 2019.[8] One of the reasons for such high demand is that in a bid to cut carbon emissions and air pollution, Norway exempts battery-driven cars from most taxes and offers benefits such as free parking and charging points to hasten a shift from diesel and petrol engines. Similar approach has been adopted by several other countries like Netherlands, France and Germany. India too has been pondering whether such a policy is viable in the which such a huge population which will boost the demand for electric vehicles in the country.

Further, European countries including UK and France have also taken started investing in electric vehicles and have set a deadline for themselves to become completely electric automobile industry. The French government under the leadership of President Emmanuel Macron hopes to achieve its ambitious target of banning the sales of petrol and diesel cars by 2040 as a part of its commitment to the Paris climate accord.[9] This move by the French government is not a shot in the dark as ever since this announcement France has made valiant efforts in popularising electric vehicles in the country and have also managed to garner huge investments to achieve their ambitious target. In 2018, the EV sales in France saw an increasing surge with a 111% increase in sales in November 2018 alone as compared to previous year.[10] This is a bold testament to the fact that the French have been able to take a step forward in achieving their target of an electric automobile industry by 2040.

The challenges for EV in India cannot be undermined and it will be a strenuous task for the Indian government to overcome these to attain what can be called a major revolution in the Indian automobile industry.

1. Cost: The biggest challenge to EV in India is its cost primarily due to the Lithium-ion batteries which make up to about 70% of the cost of the EV. Considering that India is not a price setter in the field of Lithium-ion batteries and has to depend on imports from Japan and China[11], the price of EV will always remain much higher than the average price of a standard diesel/petrol car. Therefore, the major task of the government will be to become a self-reliant lithium economy so as to satisfy the demands of the automobile industry. To realize this goal India needs to set up large lithium-ion batteries manufacturing plants in India which requires huge investments.[12] Another important aspect in this regard is the purchasing power of the Indian mass. A large chunk of Indians cannot afford to buy a vehicle costing more than the average of a standard vehicle which is generally stems around 10-12 lakh. The estimated cost of an EV belonging to a well reputed company is likely to be around 20 lakhs especially in the initial years of its introduction. Surely, the price has gone down in the past 5 years, but still, it hasn’t reached a value where it would be capable for the general public to opt for EV. Thus, the demand segment for EVs is likely to be below par as the EV market would possess any stimulus to attract customers towards it owing to its huge cost.
2. Lack of Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure has been a long enduring obstacle for India over the years in almost every field, let alone the automobile sector. The fact that the EV industry is a relatively unexplored arena, it makes it even more difficult for India to step up infrastructure to facilitate growth of this particular sector. Since the vehicle consumes electricity, it becomes imperative to charge its battery which required about 6-8 hours for a standard EV imposing another challenge of time management.[13] The biggest impediment would be to set up battery-charging stations and the availability of the vehicle’s spare parts.[14] Dearth of these would add to the already existing huge cost of the EV. Considering that Indian roads already suffer from congestion and traffic jams partially owing to lack of space for constructing roads and highways, it cannot afford to build new charging stations for EV as they would consume more space and would only add to the existing problems of congestion on the roads. Availability of spare parts would be another challenge as EV industry is relatively a new entrant in the automobile sector, there is a high possibility that the parts of the vehicle would not be readily available. Even otherwise, the price of the spare part would be too expensive for a common man to afford. Again, ‘investments’ would be the primary tool in resolving this problem and setting up infrastructure to facilitate the transition from petrol/diesel vehicles to electric vehicles.
3. Loss of revenue in the transition: Continuing on the point of transition from petrol/diesel vehicles to electric vehicles, experts argue that the economy will incur a loss of revenue, generated from the use of petrol/diesel vehicles, if we transform into an EV dominated industry. A transition always comes with a cost. There will be some loss which the economy will incur but it is up to the government to decide whether it is willing to forgo the benefits of EVs in the future and save on to the revenue generated from petrol/diesel vehicles or it is ready to accept the global trend of adoption of EV for the greater good of the country. It is likely that the majority of the stakeholders involved in the field of petrol/diesel vehicles would not approve of government’s policy favouring EVs over fuel vehicles as it would be in contravention to their interests. On the other hand, startups in the field of electrical energy would see it as an opportunity for themselves to succeed in the market. The government therefore has the task of achieving the balance between the two sides of stakeholders which will reduce the impact on the already slumping Indian automobile industry. There is also a question regarding the loss of jobs in the automobile sector on arrival of EV industry in India, but that is not a big issue as the expertise and preciseness in both the industry remains the same.
4. Investments: Researching and building on new technology require investments. Investments lay the foundation stone for any sector to prosper in future. India, if it wants to succeed in the EV sector, would require huge investments in the R&D arena, limited not only to the government but to private investors as well. The EV industry is expected to see higher interest from private equity and venture capital investors.[15] Investments in terms of setting up Lithium-ion production plants to reduce dependence of India on imports from other countries, setting up battery-charging stations, to produce vehicles and spare parts within India. If these objectives are achieved successfully, then the cost of the EV can be reduced significantly. However, the bigger problem lies here. At this point of time India’s automobile industry is in a precarious situation with car sales at its lowest in 18 years.[16] There is no doubt that such a slump would definitely impact the Indian economy, however some fear that this slump would also deter investors to invest in the EV industry as circumscribes under the Indian automobile industry. The attracting investors to invest money in the EV field is another major challenge for the government as far as investments are concerned, both public and private.

While there lie robust challenges before the government to make the EV industry succeed in India, the solutions to these require much greater attention. The government possess the power to overcome these impediments however the proper channelization of power is often where most of the governments fail. As far as the cost of the EV is concerned, though it may be too much to ask from the government to improve the lifestyle of people in terms of spending in a short period of time, there are certain things or policies which the government can undertake resulting in lower cost of the EV. The price of the vehicle can be significantly reduced if the outsourcing of the lithium-ion batteries can be eliminated or reduced to some extent. The role of the government here would be to establish lithium plants in the country. As ambitious as it may sound, the government though is actually keen to take on this challenge front on. The NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, is expected to visit the ‘Lithium Triangle’ countries including Chile and Bolivia to identify Lithium exploration opportunities within India.[17] The Centre is also inviting bids to establish battery making capacity of 40GW to give a boost to its EVs and renewable energy initiatives.[18] These are some of the many moves which the Central government has undertaken to achieve the goal of EVs in India. The efforts though are not only coming from the Central Government as some of the State governments have also shown keen interest in aiding the government to set up Lithium-ion battery plants in the country including Telangana which has pitched for the construction of a 5GW lithium-ion battery plant in the State.[19] Besides, companies realising that the EV possess a lot of potential for future inclusive growth have formed up plans to set up lithium-ion battery manufacturing plants in different states of the country. [20] Though the setting up of lithium-ion battery plants might reduce the cost of the EV, the demand of the vehicles may not increase in the market. The job of the government then would be to create stimulus in the market to increase the demand of the vehicles. This may be done by lowering the tax rate levied on the purchase of the EV. The recent move of the government to reduce the GST rate on EV from 12% to 5% is a wise move in this direction.[21] A similar reduction on the spare batteries would also contribute towards reducing the overall price of the EV. Further, moves like reducing the EMI interest on the EV can also help to increase the demand of the vehicle in the market. These steps, if taken, can play a part in faster adoption of electric mobility.

Overcoming the challenge of lack of proper infrastructure to facilitate electric mobility of EV will be of an even bigger challenge than to reduce the cost of the vehicle. This is so because construction of electric charging stations, which forms the base of EV, would require considerable space and considering the congestion on Indian roads, it would be a difficult task for the government. The government has two options with regard to the construction of electric charging stations. The first being that it acquires separate land space and constructs charging stations and the second that it constructs electric charging stations within the space occupied by the existing petrol pumps. One would perhaps point the latter one being more feasible as the former option would require the government to acquire land which increases the possibility of running into land acquisition problems thereby increasing the burden on the government. The implementation of the amalgamation of the two options might not be a bad option either. Guidelines regarding the same have already been issued by the Government to State Governments and UT Administrations overseeing the mobilizing of EVs and plans to setup EV charging stations at every 25 Km and has also advocated for charging points in residential areas.[22] As far as the issue of spare parts of the vehicle is concerned, initially it would be difficult to solve this problem as it would require investments to set up EV production units, which would only if come if the EV companies sees possible scope for expansion for their company in the Indian EV market or if the demand of the EV surges in India. This would give them an incentive to install their production units in India, ultimately solving the issue of dearth of spare parts. If the government manages to increase the demand of EV in the market or gives them some incentive to set up their units, the problem regarding the infrastructure could be solved to an extent.

The target of electric mobility could be only achieved with enough investments in the EV industry to set up a robust R&D sector. All the allied activities relating to setting up of the EV industry including the construction of Lithium-ion battery plants, robust infrastructure to facilitate electric mobility, would fail if there aren’t enough investments to start with. The government alone would be incompetent to generate enough funds to lift up the slumping Indian automobile industry. Therefore, the role of private sector in pooling investments in the EV sector becomes extremely crucial. However, the least the Government can do to secure investments is to provide reasonable incentives to private companies giving them ample reasons to invest in the industry. Tax concessions, cheap land, subsidized raw materials are some of the incentives which have proved to be effective in the past to attract companies to invest in various allied sectors. The most viable method here would be adopt the ‘Public Private Partnership’ model where the Government, Central or State, collaborates with a private sector economy to complete a particular task generally in the nature of high public importance. It has already been emphasised that the government alone is incapable to invest money therefore, the onus can be put to the private bodies to fund the project and the Government would be required to take care of the requisite approvals and clearances regarding the subject matter. BRPL, a joint venture of Reliance Infrastructure and the Delhi government, is investing in testing models for its facilities to support stabilising the electricity grid for EV charging, beside experimental projects to integrate renewable electricity into its grid.[23] Similarly, Tata Motors also aims to bring investments into the industry to increase the sales of EV in the country.[24] Thus, the PPP model has been adopted by some companies and its usage is likely to increase in the coming years as the government hopes to achieve its goal of electric mobility throughout the country. 

The Indian EV industry is still at a nascent stage and will be a long journey if India wants to get somewhere closer to Scandinavian countries with regards to electric mobility. The development of the EV industry is an ongoing process and a series of steps have been adopted by the government to build a robust Indian EV market. The Faster Adoption and Manufacture of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles (FAME India) scheme, the premier policy for promotion and adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles in the country. Launched in 2015 and currently operating in its second phase, FAME India scheme intends to provide incentives in the form of subsidies to manufactures and infrastructure providers of electric vehicles. The first phase, although, did not perform as per the expectations as it failed to generate enough demand for the EV, the second phase is projected to perform well as it has been better restructured in many respects as compared to the first phase. With an outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore for a period of 3 years allocated towards demand incentives and creation of charging infrastructure, the FAME India II focuses primarily on public transport including buses, strong hybrid four wheelers, electric three wheelers including e-rickshaws and privately owned two wheelers.[25] The government has preferred to use the available resources in the best possible manner and electrifying public transport is the most optimal way. However, the privately-owned vehicles (except two wheelers) have been excluded from the ambit of the second phase of the policy. One would argue that without the private vehicles the scaling up of EV volumes, critical for development of the eco-system and future sustainability will be delayed.[26] This would force the government to continue the subsidies for a longer period, thereby putting additional pressure on the government treasury. This is, perhaps, a lone flaw in the restructured policy of FAME India II.

The Union Budget 2019-20 also talked about the electric mobility and contained several provisions in favour of the EV manufacturers as well as the consumers. The provisions were envisaged to increase the demand of EVs in the country. Concessions and tax rebates were highlights of the Budget vis-à-vis EVs. Firstly, with an aim to become a global hub for electric vehicle manufacturing, the government has moved GST council to lower the GST rate on EVs from 12% to 5%. Secondly, to make EVs more affordable in the common household, the government will provide additional income tax deduction of Rs. 1.5 lakh on the interest paid on the loans to purchase EVs, thereby an overall benefit of Rs. 2.5 lakh.[27] These policy decisions by the government have been hailed as a big boost for the Indian EV industry as it will help to reduce the upfront cost of buying an EV, thus making it viable alternative to vehicles propelled by internal combustion engines (ICE).[28] The budget of 2019 also offers relief to lithium-ion electric battery manufacturers. This has been done to reduce the cost of EV batteries. As one of the significant maintenance costs associated with electric vehicles is the replacement of depleted batteries. If battery costs will be reduced, it will encourage people to embrace electric vehicles. Therefore, the EV provisions of the Union Budget have been welcomed by the EV manufacturers as well as the consumers.

The introduction of Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission norms is another important compliant policy which the car manufactures have to comply with. The necessary compliance becomes important as the Supreme Court has fixed 1^st April 2020 as the deadline for the sale of only BS VI compliant vehicles. The rationale behind the implementation of these norms is two-fold. First, it envisages for a cleaner environment and seeks to reduce emission from the vehicles operating on the roads and secondly, it discourages the purchase and sale of petrol/diesel vehicles and promotes adoption of EVs. The government has been actively taking necessary steps for electric mobility in the country. Thus, EVs being environment friendly are in consonance with the objectives the Bharat Stage norms strive to achieve. The government hopes these norms will compel the automobile manufacturers to shift towards production of EVs and will also deter the people from buying petrol/diesel vehicles. The reason behind this argument is that if the car manufacturers fail to comply with the BS VI norms after the specified date, a high penalty would be imposed upon them for violating the norms and the prices of these fuel vehicles will also increase, thereby acting as a deterrent for the common people from buying these vehicles.

The government’s decision of transforming India into a full-fledged EV economy has received mixed reactions from the automobile industry. Some argue that if the processes are followed, India can become one of the biggest markets for EV; while some argue that India is not yet ready to acknowledge the EV industry, unlike other countries who are better equipped to transform into EV industry owing to their robust mobility infrastructure, more investments in R&D sector, cooperating population and several other factors. The views of the automobile industry should be given due importance as they know the particular sector in and out and are probably the biggest stakeholders in this whole process. The government can frame the pleasant-sounding policies but the industry in more realistic in its approach and they might well leave the market if the policies are framed inconsistent to their roadmap, thereby affecting the whole sector’s economy.

Soon after India made the announcement of their goal of electric mobility by 2030, several automakers lauded India’s project acknowledging EVs to be the need of the hour and promised to give their full support and cooperation, especially the Chinese. Further, Volvo AB offered their unconditional support and made its intention to run its cars on electricity from 2019. Jaguar Land Rover Automotive Plc. will only make electric and hybrid cars from 2020 and Volkswagen AG (VW), the world’s largest car manufacturer said it is building batteries that can run automobiles for up to 1,000 Km.[29] One of the country’s leading car manufacturers, Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M) has already proposed its interest in transforming India’s automobile sector to an EV industry. The homegrown carmaker gas been a first mover among the car manufacturers as far as electric mobility is concerned. Mahindra E-Verito is has already been rolled out for sales but the company is looking to expand its fleet in electric mobility taking in account the growth potential of the EV industry and the demand of the consumers in India. With the government announcing several tax concessions for the auto manufacturers, Mahindra has decided to produce more models of electric vehicles with announcing the launch of three new electric vehicles by 2021 starting with the eKUV100 which will be launched at the end of this year.[30] Mahindra had earlier issued a statement that Ford will provide the platform for all the electric models while the technology build-up and other hardware like Battery Packs, Powertrain system (Motor and transmission), power electronics which is the DC-DC charger and the motor controller will be developed by Mahindra Electric which is the brain of Mahindra's electric division.[31] Hyundai is perhaps the most active company in the whole scenario. The Korean automaker is planning to develop a new EV platform to expand its reach to all parts of the country with an outlay of around $200 million. It recently launched its first EV in India, Kona Electric. Though it offers variety of features and great characteristics for an EV model, the price bracket of Rs. 25 lakh means that, it won’t attract much attention from the middle-class category. Hence, the company is looking to roll out much affordable EVs having same characteristics and features as that of Kona Electric. Hyundai is exploring more affordable options for the buyers and it is being reported that to attract the middle class towards EV, it is planning to develop a ‘small EV’ especially designed for India in collaboration with the Indian and Korean R&D sectors. Moreover, it is thinking also to develop with the electric battery within India and not through outsourcing which will help in reduction of the EV.[32] In addition, Kia Motors is also trying to develop an affordable EV and to achieve this purpose have collaborated with Hyundai Motors. Further it also wants EVs to be included for personal usage the government’s FAME II programme.[33] Even Audi is planning to launch its first electric vehicle, Audi e-Tron, in India later this year.[34] The car giant is planning to launch further electric models in future.

While some have lauded government’s approach towards fast-tracking of EVs in India, some are against this policy not because of the initiative but because of its mistimed approach. Among the few, TVS Motors and Bajaj Company have termed the government approach of transforming Indian automobile industry to an EV industry as ‘impractical’ and ‘mistimed’.[35] The reason of such discontent is due to the lack of enough demand for EVs in India. They’ve argued that it is impractical and illogical to target such a large population when none of the stakeholders involved currently possess any meaningful experience. Further, with the deadline for the compliance for BS VI norms approaching, the date for setting a target of full electric mobility by 2030 is so close to set such a target. SIAM, an auto industry body, too has advised the government to lay down a proper roadmap for electric mobility’s vision and set a practical deadline for cent percent electric mobility when due demand for such vehicles would arise. Many auto experts have also criticized the FAME II scheme where much emphasis have been laid on two and three wheelers, excluding four wheelers from its ambit.[36] They’ve contended that the four wheelers are the main reason for high levels of pollution and therefore, it would make sense to bring a changeover in four wheelers rather than focussing more on two and three wheelers in the initial phase of the scheme. If the government is able to bring a transformation in the four wheelers vehicles, then it wouldn’t be of much difficulty to bring a similar transformation in two and three wheelers category as well.

The government, as evident, is keen to transform India’s automobile industry to an EV industry. Launching various schemes and programmes, giving tax concessions, looking for investments, etc have all been a part of government’s efforts to bring electric mobility in the country. Though the government’s intentions are crystal clear, the timing or the deadline for electric mobility is questionable. The positive sign is that the government has realized that the existence of fuel vehicles in the future is bleak owing mainly to the rising pollution levels throughout the world. There is no doubt that one day India will be characterised by electric mobility vis-à-vis commutation by nature of its huge population and dynamic market structure. Keeping politics aside, the stance and efforts of the current government surpass than that of pre-2014 government. The government’s intention is to use electric vehicles as a tool to curb pollution as well as reduce India’s dependence on imports. In spite of the government’s efforts, the reality today is that the demand for EVs in India is not very convincing which apparently makes India’s target of electric mobility by 2030 as ambitious. However, the path looks promising. There’s definitely a ray of hope at the end of the tunnel, though, the length of the tunnel is quite long. A transformation, in every sector, bring about certain challenges which the government has to tackle which requires some character and fighting spirit. The government is not the only one who has to take the responsibility of electric mobility; their needs to be mutual cooperation among the citizens, state governments, automobile industry, financial institutions and other stakeholders involved in this whole process. However, it is the job of the government to create generate stimulus in the sector to create enough demand for EVs in the country, improve its infrastructure and solve the problem of land for building enough charging stations across the country. Essentially, these are the major challenges in front of the government which is the difference between standard mobility and electric mobility in India. In a country like India having huge population and different demographic variables, to achieve this is not going to be an easy task. No other major country has been able to achieve this feat thus, it would be a tremendous achievement for India if it manages to do. Therefore, the usage of electric vehicles in India, though bleak for now, is definitely the future of India in terms of mobility.

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